Odd place to start Martin Luther in that the Church had already been resisting the rise of Islam for centuries when Luther was born.
Generally yes. Not just for Americans but for all Christians.
This is an extremely broad topic, and each situation needs its own biblical analysis. But Lex, Rex, by Scottish Presbyterian minister Samuel Rutherford, is a great intro for this topic.
With respect to the Declaration of Independence, there were many many years leading up to that point in time. The black robe brigade (regiment) during the revolutionary war is an example of pastors engaging the cultural times.
There is not a right asserted in the Declaration of Independence which had not been discussed by the New England clergy before 1763.
[Alice M. Baldwin, The New England Clergy and the American Revolution (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1958), p. 170.]
http://nationalblackroberegiment.com/original-black-robe-regiment/
Pfl
Do Americans have a right to oppose unjust authority?
...Sigh...
"We moved our base camp last night and were now positioned literally
within feet of the river. Have been sitting here watching the border
patrol patrolling in their riverboats all night and all morning..."~Jim Robinson