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"It was found, both doses of psyllium significantly lowered fasting blood glucose, compared to placebo at treatment weeks 4, 8, and 12. Psyllium at a dose of 6.8 g BID significantly lowered HbA1c at week 8, compared to placebo, and at week 12, both the 3.4 g dose and the 6.8 g dose of psyllium significantly lowered HbA1c, compared to placebo."

Does the publication define "significantly"?

My wife is Type II, does everything she can (diet and exercise) but she' still on Humalog insulin and metformin.

Any details would be appreciated.

Does the publication define "significantly"?

The standard of what is a significant result in the medical literature is that you would expect that result only one time or less out of twenty times if the was obtained just by chance. P stands for probability. Here's an example. Look at the results section in the abstract, the summary at the start of the article.

Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial

Results Weight loss was greater for women in the Atkins diet group compared with the other diet groups at 12 months, and mean 12-month weight loss was significantly different between the Atkins and Zone diets (P<.05). Mean 12-month weight loss was as follows: Atkins, −4.7 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], −6.3 to −3.1 kg), Zone, −1.6 kg (95% CI, −2.8 to −0.4 kg), LEARN, −2.6 kg (−3.8 to −1.3 kg), and Ornish, −2.2 kg (−3.6 to −0.8 kg). Weight loss was not statistically different among the Zone, LEARN, and Ornish groups. At 12 months, secondary outcomes for the Atkins group were comparable with or more favorable than the other diet groups.