Wiki for reference
The Goldwater rule is the informal name given to Section 7 in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Principles of Medical Ethics,[1] which states it is unethical for psychiatrists to give a professional opinion about public figures they have not examined in person, and from whom they have not obtained consent to discuss their mental health in public statements.[2] It is named after presidential candidate Barry Goldwater.[3][4]
The issue arose in 1964 when Fact published the article “The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater”.[3][5] The magazine polled psychiatrists about American Senator Barry Goldwater and whether he was fit to be president.[6][7] The editor, Ralph Ginzburg, was sued for libel in Goldwater v. Ginzburg where Goldwater won $75,000 (approximately $579,000 today) in damages.[3]
Section 7, which appeared in the first edition of the APA’s Principles of Medical Ethics in 1973 and is still in effect as of 2017,[8] says:
On occasion psychiatrists are asked for an opinion about an individual who is in the light of public attention or who has disclosed information about himself/herself through public media. In such circumstances, a psychiatrist may share with the public his or her expertise about psychiatric issues in general. However, it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.[1]
The APA Ethics Code of the American Psychological Association, a different organization than the American Psychiatric Association, also supports a similar rule. In 2016, in response to the New York Times article “Should Therapists Analyze Presidential Candidates?”, American Psychological Association President Susan H. McDaniel published a letter in The New York Times in which she stated:
Similar to the psychiatrists’ Goldwater Rule, our code of ethics exhorts psychologists to “take precautions” that any statements they make to the media “are based on their professional knowledge, training or experience in accord with appropriate psychological literature and practice” and “do not indicate that a professional relationship has been established” with people in the public eye, including political candidates.
When providing opinions of psychological characteristics, psychologists must conduct an examination “adequate to support statements or conclusions.” In other words, our ethical code states that psychologists should not offer a diagnosis in the media of a living public figure they have not examined.[9]