Free Republic
Browse · Search
News/Activism
Topics · Post Article

Skip to comments.

California's record power demand shocks energy officials - DWP
AP on Bakersfield Californian ^ | 7/28/06 | AP

Posted on 07/28/2006 9:12:42 AM PDT by NormsRevenge

A record-setting thirst for power during the heat wave that has scorched the state this month caught Department of Water and Power officials by surprise, the Los Angeles Times reported Friday.

Before this week, the utility's highest peak energy use was recorded at 5,661 megawatts. A stretch of 100-plus temperatures this week, however, created a demand that set a new all-time high of 6,165 megawatts - shocking DWP officials who predicted power usage wouldn't top 6,100 megawatts for four years.

"They didn't even believe our customers could ever put such a load on our system - that we could even have energy use from our customers up to that kind level," DWP board member David Nahai told the Times.

The utility serves 1.4 million customers.

Officials attributed the surge to demand for 24-hour air conditioner use and the popularity of energy-eating large-screen plasma TVs.

DWP Commissioner Nick Patsaouras chastised officials for allowing the utility's equipment to grow obsolete.

"We know staff knew for a long time," he said. "You know when equipment is bad."

The DWP has not yet counted how many customers lost power during the heat wave, which coroners said has claimed close to 100 lives.

Southern California Edison, which serves 4.7 million customers across Southern California, did a better job predicting power demand. It planned for usage of up to 23,000 megawatts, slightly more than the 22,889 megawatts peak, said Ron Litzinger, senior vice president of transmission and distribution for SCE.

The utility still had about 1.1 million customers lose power, officials said.


TOPICS: Business/Economy; Culture/Society; Politics/Elections; US: California
KEYWORDS: california; calpowercrisis; demand; energy; officials; power; record; shocks
Navigation: use the links below to view more comments.
first 1-5051-67 next last

1 posted on 07/28/2006 9:12:43 AM PDT by NormsRevenge
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
"They didn't even believe our customers could ever put such a load on our system - that we could even have energy use from our customers up to that kind level," DWP board member David Nahai told the Times.

Yeah, but at least they got clean air from not building more power plants. I guess the greenies are not doing enough conservation. /s

2 posted on 07/28/2006 9:15:49 AM PDT by beltfed308 (Nanny Statists are Ameba's.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge

I read a post at DUmmy land yesterday where a moonbat (responding to an article that stated it was the enviro-wackos fault for stopping new power plants) said it's not the demand it's the old cables that the "greedy" power companies have not bothered to replace.


3 posted on 07/28/2006 9:18:13 AM PDT by Hazcat
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: Hazcat

Power generation is the big problem, but it would help if there was newer cable technology in place - this would allow greater storage and sharing of power among regions.


4 posted on 07/28/2006 9:20:35 AM PDT by linear (America suffers neither from conservatism nor liberalism, but from a failure of her institutions.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 3 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge

If Californians and the environmentalists were really serious, they'd start building a pair of Nuclear Power plants, tommorrow. Shame they take so long to build..


5 posted on 07/28/2006 9:22:10 AM PDT by Paradox (Removing all Doubt since 1998!)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: linear

I agree but I would also think that if you built new plants you would also be laying new cable.


6 posted on 07/28/2006 9:22:47 AM PDT by Hazcat
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 4 | View Replies]

To: Hazcat

They are going to need to build more power generating plant and it will probably have to be nuclear. There must be something in improving efficiency though...there is an awful lot of waste going on.


7 posted on 07/28/2006 9:25:23 AM PDT by Vanders9
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 6 | View Replies]

To: linear

"storage of power"? I am picturing the world's biggest capacitor...


8 posted on 07/28/2006 9:26:41 AM PDT by patton (LGOPs = head toward the noise, kill anyone not dressed like you.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 4 | View Replies]

To: Vanders9
They are going to need to build more power generating plant and it will probably have to be nuclear. There must be something in improving efficiency though...there is an awful lot of waste going on.

OH no! Not EEEEEEEvil nuclear power! (sarc/off) I agree to new plants ASAP. And Nuke is defiantly at least part of the answer. Even France gets something like 60% of it's power this way. Did ya ever notice how the lefties say we should be :more like EU" except when it's something that could actually BENEFIT us instead of just costing us money or freedoms?

9 posted on 07/28/2006 9:31:02 AM PDT by Hazcat
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 7 | View Replies]

To: linear
this would allow greater storage and sharing of power among regions.

I'll give you the the "sharing power between regions" because new transmission definately needs to be built.

I must asks though, Where do you store megawatts?

10 posted on 07/28/2006 9:33:59 AM PDT by vikzilla
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 4 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge

Shocked? Again?


11 posted on 07/28/2006 9:35:46 AM PDT by caisson71
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge

What does Joseph Graham Davis Jr. have to say about this? *SMIRK*

I am so glad I left CA in 1982 and never looked back. :)


12 posted on 07/28/2006 9:37:05 AM PDT by Diana in Wisconsin (Save The Earth. It's The Only Planet With Chocolate.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
...and the popularity of energy-eating large-screen plasma TVs...

Puh-leaze! The energy use of plasma TVs is a miniscule thing in the overall picture. This line was put in the article as a shot against "the rich". How about "AC used by the elderly"?

13 posted on 07/28/2006 9:41:37 AM PDT by glorgau
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: Hazcat
Check the price for copper now......it's cheaper to build a new nuke plant. The moonbat is truly loony. Most overhead power lines are aluminum alloys sometimes around a much smaller copper core. Aluminum has a greater tensile strength. The surge in demand has been caused by a continuous series of dead fault shorts at the hands of the moonbats and the 'shocked' officials.

So, the draw states like CA, NM, AZ, TX, NC and others wouldn't place and additional power demand on the national and local grids after 30 million illegal people have been allowed to walk on in??

14 posted on 07/28/2006 9:42:30 AM PDT by RSmithOpt (Liberalism: Highway to Hell)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 3 | View Replies]

To: beltfed308
Yeah, but at least they got clean air from not building more power plants.

Ironically, they could have both clean air and plenty of electricity. How? Go nuclear. But the wackos trashed a perfectly good nuclear generator when they threw away Rancho Seco back in the 1980s. That cost 900 MW right there. They also threw away another 500 MW of capacity when they trashed SONGS-1. Then another 1100 MW of zero-emissions source was gone when they blasted Trojan to the ground up in Oregon. All told, about 2500 MW of zero-emissions capacity thrown away for no good reason that would come in mighty handy during these periods of high demand. The wackos are the ones to blame, and any Californian/Oregonian who enabled these scumbags to play their dirty tricks.

15 posted on 07/28/2006 9:44:21 AM PDT by chimera
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 2 | View Replies]

To: vikzilla

There are transmission lines that are also capable of storing power - the July issue of Scientific American has a decent article that touches on this subject.


16 posted on 07/28/2006 9:48:57 AM PDT by linear (America suffers neither from conservatism nor liberalism, but from a failure of her institutions.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 10 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
A record-setting thirst for power during the heat wave that has scorched the state this month caught Department of Water and Power officials by surprise

If they were really surprised then this just shows that they are totally incompetent and should be fired immediately. If they expected it and did nothing and are lying about being surprised, then this just show that they are totally incompetent and should be fired immediately.

17 posted on 07/28/2006 9:59:15 AM PDT by from occupied ga (Your most dangerous enemy is your own government)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
I was surprised to learn that plasma display TV's use as much as 3 times more power as a CRT TV.

Check appendix A, page 31 here.

(If you can believe the NRDC.)

18 posted on 07/28/2006 9:59:46 AM PDT by <1/1,000,000th%
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: <1/1,000,000th%

I will certainly take that into account when we ever get a plasma wall display or can afford one.

Thanks for the link


19 posted on 07/28/2006 10:03:05 AM PDT by NormsRevenge (Semper Fi ......Help the "Pendleton 8' and families -- http://www.freerepublic.com/~normsrevenge/)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 18 | View Replies]

To: vikzilla
  I must asks though, Where do you store megawatts?

   In a 2200 gazillion micro farad capacitor.

 

20 posted on 07/28/2006 10:03:37 AM PDT by HawaiianGecko (Timing has a lot to do with the outcome of a rain dance.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 10 | View Replies]

To: linear

Link? If they have a battery that will store A.C. power, I would want to invest heavily in it.


21 posted on 07/28/2006 10:07:12 AM PDT by Not now, Not ever! (This tag-line is temporarily closed for remodeling)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 16 | View Replies]

To: RSmithOpt
Most overhead power lines are aluminum alloys sometimes around a much smaller copper core.

Aluminum is never installed around a copper core. Steel cores are sometimes used to allow longer spans and lower sags between supports.

22 posted on 07/28/2006 10:08:27 AM PDT by thackney (life is fragile, handle with prayer)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 14 | View Replies]

To: HawaiianGecko

Wouldn't that be 'farad' and not 'micro-farad'?

:)


23 posted on 07/28/2006 10:09:28 AM PDT by Bigh4u2 (Denial is the first requirement to be a liberal)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 20 | View Replies]

To: linear
There are transmission lines that are also capable of storing power

They do not. Having a capactive charging current is not the same as storing power.

24 posted on 07/28/2006 10:09:29 AM PDT by thackney (life is fragile, handle with prayer)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 16 | View Replies]

To: chimera
I do whole heartedly agree with part of your assertion here.

Rancho Seco was a victim of activist ballot initiatives. The greenies kept trying year after year to get a majority vote to close Rancho Seco. Once closed, where were the yearly initiatives to re-open?

Trojan was shutdown for a number of reasons, one was greenie pressure (We have plenty of hydroelectric, why have nuclear? Oh, and by the way we now have to get rid of these pesky damns that hurt the salmon.), one was the need to replace the steam generators (With license extensions still in an uncertain future, there may not be a return on investment) and the cost of upgrading some systems.

SONGS1 is a unique case and really had nothing to do with greenie pressure directly. Many plants in the US are finding themselves with dwindling room in the Fuel Pools to store spent fuel. This was to be addressed by opening Yucca Mountain (There is the greenie pressure).

Since there is no repository yet, and since SONGS is 'landlocked and unable to expand (Bound by the Pacific to the west, I-5 to the East, and 'sensitive public beaches to the north and south) SONGS needed a place to build its Dry Fuel Storage Facility to house spent fuel not only from Unit 1, but also Units 2 and 3. So, Unit 1 was decommisioned due to expensive needed upgrades as well as the need for real estate to build a Dry Fule Storage.

But, lets also not forget the debacle up in Washington state. WPPS abandoned a 90% built plant, and 1 or 2 others when a giant bond funded construction program fell apart. What was supposed to be 4 or so plants running, ended up being just 1.

We have, nation wide, lost Maine Yankee, Connecticut Yankee, Millstone 1, Big Rock Point in addition to the plants discussed above. It is more than time to begin construction on a new generation of nuclear plants in this country. IMHO

25 posted on 07/28/2006 10:11:15 AM PDT by RoadGumby (Let your fear be as a monkey, hiding in a pinata)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 15 | View Replies]

To: thackney

"Having a capactive charging current is not the same as storing power."

And since current travels on the wires 'surface' and not through the 'core' than it's capacity to store energy would insignificant to the charge being passed.


26 posted on 07/28/2006 10:11:47 AM PDT by Bigh4u2 (Denial is the first requirement to be a liberal)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 24 | View Replies]

To: Not now, Not ever!

http://www.scientificamerican.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00003872-159C-1498-959C83414B7F0000


27 posted on 07/28/2006 10:12:04 AM PDT by linear (America suffers neither from conservatism nor liberalism, but from a failure of her institutions.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 21 | View Replies]

To: Bigh4u2

would BE insignificant...

Typing ahead of my brain!


28 posted on 07/28/2006 10:12:48 AM PDT by Bigh4u2 (Denial is the first requirement to be a liberal)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 26 | View Replies]

To: Bigh4u2
 
Wouldn't that be 'farad' and not 'micro-farad'?
Well, if I knew what the term was immediately preceding "gazillion".... yes. :)

 

29 posted on 07/28/2006 10:15:34 AM PDT by HawaiianGecko (Timing has a lot to do with the outcome of a rain dance.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 23 | View Replies]

To: RoadGumby

And don't forget Zion in Illinois and Shoreham in NY. Shoreham was a particularly galling one. Oh-so Cuomo punched a hole in the pressure vessel of that one and was so proud to do so.


30 posted on 07/28/2006 10:18:49 AM PDT by chimera
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 25 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge

The tone of this article angers me. The DWP has a product to sell. As a supplier, they should develop enough product to meet demand.

Let's flash back to prior summers. During each we have either blackouts, rolling blackouts or begging of consumers to conserve energy or face blackouts. Does this reflect any redundancy whatsoever?

Instead the DWP actually blames customers for using energy. They blame new electronic products that increase demand. In short they blame everyone but their own shortsighted planning.

The DWP has plenty to say these days. So do I. Hey DWP, F. U.! Pull your head out of your a-- and get with the program.

No. That won't happen. Next year they'll be running commecials to ask folks to not use their product. They'll also be receiving lots of free air-time from the local television stations. Don't use thier product... Don't use their product.

Just damn. If they can't handle the job, then it's time to find a better way of supplying demand, one that doesn't involve casting the public as 'the bad guy' if they have the audacity to turn on a light switch.

If Joe consumer can afford to turn on the light switch, he should do so, and the DWP should SHUT THE F UP, and get off ther a-- and develop more energy!


31 posted on 07/28/2006 10:20:43 AM PDT by DoughtyOne (Al Qaeda / Taliban operatives: Read the NY Times, for daily up to the minute security threat tips.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
Officials attributed the surge to demand for 24-hour air conditioner use and the popularity of energy-eating large-screen plasma TVs.

OK, I'll fess up. My dog demanded to watch "Animal Planet" on my 60" flat panel. He insisted to lie under the ceiling fan as well.

Moosedog sends his regrets to the power officials.

32 posted on 07/28/2006 10:21:04 AM PDT by afnamvet (It is what it is.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: Paradox

They had a perfectly good one constructed near Sacramento that the environuts sued and got dismantled just before it could be fuelled and go operational. There's another one that just needs seismic and equipment upgrades (San Onofre, IIRC) that is shut down because the operators don't want to go through the endless lawsuits that they would incur if they fixed it and started it back up.

No sympathies for Kalifornia in this case. They did it to themselves.


33 posted on 07/28/2006 10:23:33 AM PDT by Spktyr (Overwhelmingly superior firepower and the willingness to use it is the only proven peace solution.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 5 | View Replies]

To: chimera
Right you are. I had forgotten those two. Shoreham was particularly heinous. There was NO intention of running the plant, and yet Low-Power testing was performed. This required that, when the plant was detorn down, most of it was now considered to be rad-waste. The fuel was used and Shoreham had to pay Peach Bottom to take it (I believe that Peach used this fuel in it's own reactors.)

Zion was a victim of Union stupidity. The Control Room operators were known for being some what unprofessional. The NRC finally tired of the games and pulled their "Keys".

34 posted on 07/28/2006 10:23:58 AM PDT by RoadGumby
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 30 | View Replies]

To: linear
this would allow greater storage and sharing of power among regions.

Uh,Oh. Watch out Texas those Fruit and Nuts want to use up all that spare capacity you so wisely built. Make sure you charge them replacement cost fot the Kilowatt hours.

35 posted on 07/28/2006 10:26:03 AM PDT by Timocrat (I Emanate on your Auras and Penumbras Mr Blackmun)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 4 | View Replies]

To: RSmithOpt

For right now, TX is a net generator state, IIRC. And we're building lots of new generating plants.


36 posted on 07/28/2006 10:27:08 AM PDT by Spktyr (Overwhelmingly superior firepower and the willingness to use it is the only proven peace solution.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 14 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
...power demand shocks energy officials...


37 posted on 07/28/2006 10:30:27 AM PDT by OB1kNOb (This is no time for bleeding hearts, pacifists, and appeasers to prevail in free world opinion.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: RoadGumby
Shoreham was also a victim of The Law Of Unintended Consequences when the NRC gave, in essence, county governments veto power over a plant's operating license by simply refusing to participate in emergency planning exercises. Want to score some political points and trash the nuclear plant in your county? Just say "No" to emergency planning. So the NRC says, gee, your plant's emergency plan is inadequate because you don't have local participation, so no full-power license for you.

I think Shoreham was one of the early victims of this de facto veto power and until the regulators plugged this loophole many plants were being held hostage to it. Remember when the Duke Of Kak (Kukakis) ordered his thugs (state employees) to tear down Seabrook's emergency sirens where they were located in MA? The utility had to take him to court on that one and file vandalism charges.

So the local scumbags in Suffolk Co. said Shoreham's emergency plan was garbage and "wouldn't work", so they didn't authorize participation in it by local agencies and personnel. But IIRC a few years later a hurricane came ashore on LI and they local scumwads dusted off the Shoreham evac plans and used them to herd people out of harm's way. Worked like a champ. Interesting how when it cam to the nuke plant "it wouldn't work", but worked just fine when push came to shove on the hurricane.

38 posted on 07/28/2006 10:36:00 AM PDT by chimera
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 34 | View Replies]

To: thackney
You are correct.....they'd 'eat' each other up from the galvanic reaction...Oooppsss...Sometimes I'm such a dumba$$. Those smaller cores wrapped in aluminum just looked like copper with a cladding from a saw cut on some OPGW/OPPC cables. Hmmmm. Maybe the solid copper wire could was coated with a non-reactive coating at the rod stage before the rod draw-down to cladding process, then to to its final dia. as conducter wire.

However, I've never seen that many cross sections of 72.5 kV XLPE - 420 kV XLPE cables, which look like mostly all copper which I think is what the utilities use for the really big stuff.

39 posted on 07/28/2006 10:37:08 AM PDT by RSmithOpt (Liberalism: Highway to Hell)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 22 | View Replies]

To: Spktyr

I've always admired Texans. They know how to work, when to work, make money and grow a company. Smart!!


40 posted on 07/28/2006 10:39:00 AM PDT by RSmithOpt (Liberalism: Highway to Hell)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 36 | View Replies]

To: thackney

They put copper (or aluminum) on the outer shell of the wire, cladding, because that is where the electricity runs. There are some old WW II power line wires that are copper coated (very thin layer) steel wire laying on the ground where they were taken out of service here because it was not worth the expense to take it up, which it would be if it were solid copper.


41 posted on 07/28/2006 10:42:07 AM PDT by RightWhale (Repeal the law of the excluded middle)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 22 | View Replies]

To: RSmithOpt
However, I've never seen that many cross sections of 72.5 kV XLPE - 420 kV XLPE cables, which look like mostly all copper which I think is what the utilities use for the really big stuff.

Nearly all utility company cables are aluminum. Industrial users tend to be the ones buying copper cable. Although my experience in insulated conductors only goes to 138kV.

42 posted on 07/28/2006 10:42:12 AM PDT by thackney (life is fragile, handle with prayer)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 39 | View Replies]

To: Hazcat

They don't have to replace the cables to stop the power outages just unplug Michael Moore's fridge and turn off the AC at Barbra Streisand's house. There problem solved!


43 posted on 07/28/2006 10:49:24 AM PDT by Bitsy
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 3 | View Replies]

To: RightWhale

They may have done so in the 40's but such products have not been made for many decades.

http://www.cable.alcan.com/alcancable/en-US/Products/United+States/

http://www.okonite.com/Product_Catalog/section2/index.html

http://www.generalcable.com/GeneralCable/en-US/Products/ElectricUtilityCables/Catalog/ProEleCatalog.htm


44 posted on 07/28/2006 10:50:22 AM PDT by thackney (life is fragile, handle with prayer)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 41 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
California's record power demand shocks energy officials - DWP

Mein G-tt!
The same idiots running the LAUSD must have control of the DWP.
That's about the only way real power demand during a heatwave would
come as a shock.
45 posted on 07/28/2006 10:52:37 AM PDT by VOA
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: glorgau
The energy use of plasma TVs is a miniscule thing in the overall picture.

Large-screen plasma TVs are the new SUV.

46 posted on 07/28/2006 10:54:08 AM PDT by ordinaryguy
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 13 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
A stretch of 100-plus temperatures this week, however, created a demand that set a new all-time high of 6,165 megawatts

That could power 5 flux capacitors.

47 posted on 07/28/2006 10:56:33 AM PDT by ThinkDifferent
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: thackney
I've never seen exactly what those really large cables are made out, or how, that come out of power plants and to the subs, then stretched for for miles on the huge tower / high power transmission lines.

I've only had experience with the OPGW/OPPC cables where optical fiber had been placed. I've done the optical qualification testing (mechanical/environmental) for the OPGW/OPPC cable designs.

One thing is for sure....a fellow don't make many mistakes and still work on the high transmission stuff.

I've always said: WOW!!! when the inspectors / workers ride the trolley bucket of those tower lines hundreds of feet up. I've seen a phase to phase short on some 72 kV transmission lines from a good distance....that was some fireworks and smoke and noise.

48 posted on 07/28/2006 10:58:27 AM PDT by RSmithOpt (Liberalism: Highway to Hell)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 42 | View Replies]

To: NormsRevenge
It's obvious that the Left Coast is not paying enough for electricity. Double the price and you will seen peak demand go way down - simple economics.

Gee, I forgot; lefties believe they should enjoy the benefits of life and no have to do the work to pay for them.

Another thought is that maybe their new found friends from south of the border had to cool down after a heavy day of protesting their right to be illegal and not to have to abide by the laws of the United States. In any case, they will probably not pay for the electricity they use - how will the the utilities collect from someone who is immune to prosecution?
49 posted on 07/28/2006 10:58:45 AM PDT by Herakles (Liberals are stone stupid and proud of it!)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: RSmithOpt

We also have West Texas, where there's miles and miles of *nothing*. Any installation that's dangerous while operating or is just plain hideously ugly can be put out there, and nobody much cares about it then. About all that's out there is snakes and scorpions, and nobody here likes those.

Unlike California, which has the Mojave desert, yet can't seem to do anything in it due to some imaginary endangered species of arachnid or something.


50 posted on 07/28/2006 11:01:29 AM PDT by Spktyr (Overwhelmingly superior firepower and the willingness to use it is the only proven peace solution.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 40 | View Replies]


Navigation: use the links below to view more comments.
first 1-5051-67 next last

Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.

Free Republic
Browse · Search
News/Activism
Topics · Post Article

FreeRepublic, LLC, PO BOX 9771, FRESNO, CA 93794
FreeRepublic.com is powered by software copyright 2000-2008 John Robinson