Posted on 04/04/2007 10:45:21 PM PDT by Dacb
Bones thought to be the holy remains of 15th Century French heroine Joan of Arc were in fact made from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, research has revealed.
In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy attic, along with a label claiming it held relics of Joan's body.
But new forensic tests suggest that the remains date from between the third and sixth centuries BC - hundreds of years before Joan was even born.
The study has been reported in the news pages of the Nature journal.
Forensic scientist Dr Philippe Charlier, who led the investigation, told Nature: "I'd never have thought that it could be from a mummy."
Rouen relics
France's national heroine - canonised in 1920 - was convicted of heresy and witchcraft and burned alive in 1431, aged just 19.
The "relics" were said to have been found at the stake in the Normandy town of Rouen where Joan was burned.
The remains consisted of a charred-looking human rib, chunks of what appeared to be blackened wood, a 15-centimetre fragment of linen, and a cat thigh bone.
In medieval Europe it was common practice to throw black cats into the pyres of supposed witches.
Recognised as genuine and sacred by the Church, the "remains" are now housed in a museum in Chinon belonging to the Archdiocese of Tours.
Stink bombshell
Dr Charlier, from the Raymond Poincare Hospital in Garches, near Paris, obtained permission to study the relics from the France's Catholic Church last year.
He used a range of scientific tests such as spectrometry, electron microscopy, and pollen analysis.
Those tests dated the bone to between the seventh and third centuries BC, Dr Charlier said. The cat bone dated from the same period and also was mummified.
The researchers also found pollen from pine trees, probably from resin used in ancient Egyptian embalming. Pines did not grow in Normandy during the 15th Century.
Dr Charlier also recruited two smell experts, Sylvaine Delacourte and Jean-Michel Duriez, from the perfume industry.
They were independently asked to sniff the relics as well as nine other samples of bone and hair from Dr Charlier's lab without being told what they were.
Both smelled hints of "burnt plaster" and "vanilla" in the samples. The plaster smell backs up claims that Joan was burnt on a plaster stake, to make the spectacle last longer.
But a vanilla smell is inconsistent with cremation. It comes from the compound vanillin, which is released during the decomposition of a body.
Medicinal purpose
Analysis of the black crust covering the rib and the cat bone showed that it was not caused by fire, but an embalming mix of wood resins, bitumen and chemicals such as malachite.
In medieval times and later, powdered mummy remains were used for medicinal purposes, "to treat stomach ailments, long or painful periods, all blood problems," Philippe Charlier told the Associated Press.
The researchers' assumption is that a 19th Century apothecary was behind the fake, and transformed the remains of an Egyptian mummy into a fake relic, Dr Charlier said.
Why it was done remains a mystery.
According to Philippe Charlier it was probably not for money: "Perhaps it was for religious reasons.
"Perhaps it was created to increase the importance of the process of beatification in 1909."
Quote: “Recognised as genuine and sacred by the Church, the “remains” are now housed in a museum in Chinon belonging to the Archdiocese of Tours.”
No. The remains were never recognized as “genuine and sacred” by the Church. They may have been recognized by such by a bishop, but the Church does not place the remains of saints in museums.
“Joan’s heart and intestines did not burn despite the two attempts made by the executioner to consume them by the intense flames that he created. The Cardinal of Winchester then ordered him to gather up all of Joan’s ashes and remains and cast them into the Seine river, which the executioner did. Because of this there are no first class relics of Joan.”
And about the remains in question in the above article:
“This charred human bone fragment can’t be definitely identified as Joan’s because other people were burned at the old market square of Rouen. This is unfortunate because it could have been kept in a reliquary within the Cathedral of Orleans where it would be honored with reverence instead of being kept in a glass phial in a museum. As it is, the Church is quite content to leave the fragment in the custody of the museum because since the Church doesn’t know, for sure, that it is from Saint Joan, it doesn’t want to display it as a relic.”
That’s right!!! The Church didn’t display them in a church because the Church didn’t know if they were genuine!
http://www.stjoan-center.com/novelapp/joaap06.html
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