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The FReeper Foxhole Revisits our Study of Flamethrowers - February 4th, 2005
see educational sources

Posted on 02/04/2005 1:02:29 AM PST by snippy_about_it



Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.



...................................................................................... ...........................................

U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

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The FReeper Foxhole Revisits

FLAMETHROWERS




A Brief History


The flamethrower, which brought terror to French and British soldiers when used by the German army in the early phases of the First World War in 1914 and 1915 (and which was quickly adopted by both) was by no means a particularly innovative weapon.

The basic idea of a flamethrower is to spread fire by launching burning fuel. The earliest flamethrowers date as far back as the 5th century B.C. These took the form of lengthy tubes filled with burning solids (such as coal or sulphur), and which were used in the same way as blow-guns: by blowing into one end of the tube the solid material inside would be propelled towards the operator's enemies.



The flamethrower was inevitably refined over the intervening centuries, although the models seen in the early days of World War One were developed at the turn of the 20th century. The German army tested two models of flamethrower - or Flammenwerfer in German - in the early 1900s, one large and one small, both developed by Richard Fiedler.



The smaller, lighter Flammenwerfer (the Kleinflammenwerfer) was designed for portable use, carried by a single man. Using pressurised air and carbon dioxide or nitrogen it belched forth a stream of burning oil for as much as 18 metres.

Fielder's second, larger model (the Grossflammenwerfer), worked along the same lines but was not suitable for transport by a single person, but whose maximum range was twice that of the smaller model; it could also sustain flames for a (then) impressive forty seconds, although it was decidedly expensive in its use of fuel.



Having tested the Flammenwerfer in 1900 the German army deployed it for use in three specialist battalions from 1911 onwards.

It was put to initial wartime use against the French in the south-eastern sector of the Western Front from October 1914, although its use was sporadic and went largely unreported.

The first notable use of the Flammenwerfer came in a surprise attack launched by the Germans upon the British at Hooge in Flanders. Springing forward at 0315 on 30 July 1915 the Germans made effective use of the portable Flammenwerfer, with gas cylinders strapped to the back of the men responsible for using the instrument, a lit nozzle attached to each cylinder.



The effect of the dangerous nature of the surprise attack proved terrifying to the British opposition, although their line, initially pushed back, was stabilised later the same night. In two days of severe fighting the British lost 31 officers and 751 other ranks during the attack.

With the success of the Hooge attack, at least so far as the Flammenwerfer was concerned, the German army adopted the device on a widespread basis across all fronts of battle. The Flammenwerfers tended to be used in groups of six during battle, each machine worked by two men. They were used mostly to clear forward defenders during the start of a German attack, preceding their infantry colleagues.



They were undeniably useful when used at short-range, but were of limited wider effectiveness, especially once the British and French had overcome their initial alarm at their use. The operators of Flammenwerfer equipment also lived a most dangerous existence.



Quite aside from the worries of handling the device - it was entirely feasible that the cylinder carrying the fuel might unexpectedly explode - they were marked men; the British and French poured rifle-fire into the area of attack where Flammenwerfers were used, and their operators could expect no mercy should they be taken prisoner. Their life expectancy was therefore short.



The British Army also experimented with flame-throwers. However, they found short-range jets inefficient. They also developed four 2-ton throwers that could send a flame over 30 yards built directly into a forward trench constructed in No Man's Land a mere 60 yards from the German line. These were introduced in July 1916 but within a couple of weeks two had been destroyed.

Each was painstakingly constructed piece by piece, although two were destroyed by shellfire prior to 1 July 1916 (the start of the Somme offensive). The remaining two, each with a range of 90 yards, were put to use as planned on 1 July. Again highly effective at clearing trenches at a local level, they were of practically no wider benefit.



Although these large flame-throwers initially created panic amongst German soldiers, the British were unable to capture the trenches under attack. With this failure, the British generals decided to abandon the use of flame-throwers.

Similarly the French developed their own portable one-man Schilt flamethrower, of a superior build to the German model. It was used in trench attacks during 1917-18. The Germans produced a lightweight modified version of their Flammenwerfer, the Wex, in 1917, which had the benefit of self-igniting.


french flamethrowers WWI


During the war the Germans launched in excess of 650 flamethrower attacks; no numbers exist for British or French attacks.

By the close of the war flamethrower use had been extended to use on tanks, a policy carried forward to World War Two. Flame-throwing equipment, albeit somewhat refined, continues in use to the present day.



Guy Chapman, From his book, A Passionate Prodigality: Fragments of Autobiography (1933) Describes the attack by flammenwerfer;

"The enemy were attacking under cover of flammenwerfer, hose pipes leading to petrol-tanks carried on the backs of men. When the nozzles were lighted, they threw out a roaring, hissing flame twenty to thirty feet long, swelling at the end to a whirling oily rose, six feet in diameter. Under the protection of these hideous weapons, the enemy surrounded the advance pill-box, stormed it and killed the garrison."

Backpack Flamethrowers


It seems a contradiction in terms to talk of 'humane' weapons; by their very nature they are things of torment, so any such machine must surely be an 'inhumane' one? Yet there remains something uniquely horrific about the flamethrower. It is no surprise that it was born amid the carnage of the Great War, when chemical weapons were used en masse and there was even room for metal darts to be dropped from aircraft to spear the infantrymen below. Yet this modernised version of medieval boiling oil still had a terrible part to play in the Second World War.



The flamethrower is one of those weapons which relies almost as much on reputation as results. Its primary use was against men who could not be effectively engaged by artillery or small arms, who were fighting from emplacements or fortifications. To them, huddled in a cellar or pillbox, the dread knowledge that a flamethrower had been summoned to squirt liquid fire into their haven was usually enough to prompt surrender.

The simple mechanics of the flamethrower belie its dreadful nature. Two tanks were needed, mounted side by side. One contained the fuel, naturally flammable, while the other contained compressed gas. The two substances were mixed as they passed through a valve, the force provided by the compressed gas. The mixture was directed through a pipe and out through a nozzle. At this point the concoction was ignited and the sheet of flame produced. The flammable material was mixed with an adhesive which meant it would stick to whatever it hit, flesh included.



Despite appearances, the backpack flamethrower actually declined in use during the course of the war. The vulnerability of the operator was compounded by the need to close to within pistol range of the enemy to be of effect. It was usual for a rifle armed escort to accompany the flame gunner, both to act as guard and assist him in the operation of the awkwardly placed gauges.

British, German and American forces all reached the same conclusion that the most effective means of deploying flame was not by backpack but by vehicle, ideally armoured. This at once removed the obvious vulnerability of the individual soldier and simultaneously increased the duration of fire that could be produced, as well as the range.



Backpack models did not disappear from use though, being retained for use in street and jungle fighting where vehicles could not always follow and also in airborne units.

Below are detailed the main types of backpack flamethrowers deployed by the major combatant nations.

The British Army




The British Army was never very taken with the flamethrower for any number of reasons. They were of little use in the desert where the Army had spent most of its time fighting up to 1943, but for the upcoming invasion of Europe it was realised that they would be needed.

The Number 2 replaced its unsuccessful predecessor during 1944 and saw some limited service. The British Army greatly valued their armoured 'funnies' and it was the Churchill based Crocodile and the carrier converted Wasp which were the more usual platforms. The backpack flamethrower concept was not pursued further by the British.


British Crocodile


The United States Army



Portable Flamethrower M2-2


The USMC became the primary users of this weapon as the only way to evict Japanese defenders from their boltholes, without resorting to costly infantry attacks.

The United States, like the British, had problems with their first portable weapon. The M1 shared roughly the same statistics as the M2, but suffered from reliability problems, especially in the crucial area of ignition. The M2-2 overcame these defects, which were known to require troops to light the flame with matches in action.



The US Army used them little in Europe, but with the Marine Corps it was different story. The war being fought against the Japanese in the Pacific, where every cave and emplacement became a battle in its own right, required large numbers. Each Rifle Squad was to have access to one M2-2 pack at the height of its use during 1944. The appearance of Sherman tanks fitted with Ronson based systems saw the use of the M2-2 decline even among the Marines.



The Red Army



ROKS-2 (ranzewuj ognemjot KS-2)


The use of the flamethrower in Red Army service is particularly difficult to gauge. The weapons were initially issued to infantry units but were gradually pulled back into specialist formations. As these were not necessarily assigned to each Division, quite how many would be on hand is difficult to say, though it seems reasonable to suppose they were attached to units leading the assault.

The ROKS-2 was joined in service by a simplified ROKS-3 model. Both types disguised the usual pipe and nozzle arrangement as a rifle to deter enemy snipers from picking off the operator.

The German Army



Flammenwerfer 41/42


The Germans used the flamethrower a good deal early on but its use soon faded. It was a prime target for retribution and operators were sometimes selected as a form of field punishment.

The German Army made good use of their flamethrowers during the lightning campaigns of 1939-41. Specialist Assault Pioneers accompanied the Infantry, deploying the weapons against fortifications that would otherwise have slowed the advance.



The change from offensive to defensive actions against the Red Army in 1942 saw the demise of the flamethrower in German service. There were several armoured vehicles which could carry out the role more effectively, converted Panzer IIs and IIIs and the halftrack mounted SdKfz 251/16.



The harshness of the Russian winter in 1941/42 led to an unforeseen problem with the original model 41, in that it was too cold to light. The model 42 incorporated a revised system which eliminated the problem. The fuel capacity of the original model 35 was almost 12 litres, which was reduced in the subsequent types. The model 35 weighed in at a hefty 36 kg.






FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links




TOPICS: VetsCoR
KEYWORDS: flamethrowers; flammenwerfer; freeperfoxhole; history; m22; roks2; samsdayoff; shermanm4a3; veterans
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How Flamethrowers Work


Although other nations deployed flame throwers in WWI the US only began in WWII. The M2-2 and close variants, shown in this photo, were also used in the Korean War.

The napalm-gasoline fuel was propelled by a gas system of pressurized nitrogen, flow rate controlled by the rear hand grip. Leaving the nozzle the fuel was spark-lit by a battery-powered pyrotechnic ignition system controlled by the trigger in the front hand grip.



Radio Hill, Wolmi-Do, 9/15/50 Marine burns out North Korean weapons emplacement


By World War II, forces on both sides used a range of flamethrower weapons on the battlefield. The most impressive innovation was the handheld flamethrower. This long, gun-type weapon has an attached fuel tank that soldiers can carry on their back.

The backpack contains three cylinder tanks. The two outside tanks hold a flammable, oil-based liquid fuel, similar to the material used to make Greek fire. The tanks have screw-on caps, so they can be refilled easily. The middle tank holds a flammable, compressed gas (such as butane). This tank feeds gas through a pressure regulator to two connected tubes.

Link to diagram of flamethrower
Be sure to follow mouse click instructions at the bottom of the graphic to make the flamethrower work!


One tube leads to the ignition system in the gun. The other tube leads to the two side fuel tanks, letting the compressed gas into the open area above the flammable liquid. The compressed gas applies a great deal of downward pressure on the fuel, driving it out of the tanks, through a connected hose, into a reservoir in the gun.

The gun housing has a long rod running through it, with a valve plug on the end. A spring at the back of the gun pushes the rod forward, pressing the plug into a valve seat. This keeps the fuel from flowing out through the gun nozzle when the trigger lever is released.

When the operator squeezes the trigger lever, it pulls the rod (and the attached plug) backward. With the valve open, the pressurized fuel can flow through the nozzle. Some flamethrowers can shoot a fuel stream as far as 50 yards (46 meters).

As it exits the nozzle, the fuel flows past the ignition system. Over the years, there have been a variety of ignition systems used in flamethrowers. One of the simpler systems was a coil of high-resistance wire. When electrical current passed through these wires, they released a lot of heat, warming the fuel to the combustion point.

When the ignition valve is open, compressed flammable gas from the middle cylinder tank on the backpack flows through a long length of hose to the end of the gun. Here it is mixed with air and released through several small holes into the chamber in front of the nozzle.

The gun also has two spark plugs positioned in front of the nozzle, which are powered by a portable battery. To prepare the gun, the operator opens the ignition valve and presses a button that activates the spark plug. This creates a small flame in front of the nozzle, which ignites the flowing fuel, creating the fire stream.

In World Wars I and II, as well as in the Vietnam war, similar flamethrower designs were mounted on tanks.


German Panzer







Today's Educational Sources and suggestions for further reading:

www.diggerhistory.info/
www.stormpages.com/ The FReeper Foxhole Studies Flamethrowers - November 28th, 2003
1 posted on 02/04/2005 1:02:29 AM PST by snippy_about_it
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To: All
............

To the Marines on the ground during the battle for Iwo Jima in February 1945, the Sherman M4A3 medium tank equipped with the Navy Mark I flamethrower was the best thing going. The Marines had come a long way in the tactical use of fire in the 15 months since Tarawa, when only a handful of backpack flamethrowers were available to combat the island's hundreds of fortifications.

The Iwo Jima landing force still relied on portable flamethrowers, but many Marines saw the value of going one step further and marrying the technology with armored vehicles.



In the Mariana Islands in 1944, the Marines modified M3A1 light tanks with the Canadian Ronson flame system to good effect; the problems came instead from the vulnerability of the small vehicles. At Peleliu, the 1st Marine Division mounted the improvised Mark I system on a thin-skinned LVT-4; again, vehicle vulnerability limited the system's effectiveness. The solution seemed to lie in mounting the flamethrower on a medium tank.



The first modification to Sherman tanks involved the installation of the small E4-5 mechanized flamethrower in place of the bow machine gun. This was only a marginal improvement; the system's short range, modest fuel supply and awkward aiming process hardly offset the loss of the machine gun. Even so, each of the three battalions employed E-4-5-equipped Shermans during the battle for Iwo Jima. The best solution came from an unlikely joint task force of Navy Seabees, Army chemical-warfare service technicians and Marine tankers in Hawaii.

According to Lt. Col. William R. Collins, commander of the 5th Tank Battalion, this inspired group modified the Mark I flame thrower to operate from within the Sherman's turret, replacing the 75mm main gun with a look-alike launch tube. The modified system could then be trained and pointed like a conventional turret gun. Unfortunately, the ad hoc modification team had only sufficient time and components to modify eight M4A3 tanks with the Mark I flame system; four each went to the 4th and 5th Tank Battalions. The 3rd Tank Battalion, then in Guam, received neither the M4A3 Shermans nor the field modifications in time for Iwo Jima, although a number of their A2 tanks had the bow-mounted E4-5 system.



The eight modified Sherman flame tanks proved ideal against Iwo Jima's rugged caves and concrete fortifications. The Japanese feared this weapon greatly; time and time again suicide squads of "human bullets" would assail the flamethrowing tanks directly, only to be shot down by Marine riflemen or scorched by the main weapon.



Enemy fire and the rough terrain took their toll on the eight flame tanks, but maintenance crews worked around the clock to keep them running. In the words of Capt. Frank C. Caldwell, a company commander with the 26th Marines: "In my view, it was the flame tank more than any other supporting arm that won this battle." Demands for the flame tanks never diminished.

Late in the battle for Iwo Jima, as the 5th Marine Division cornered the last Japanese defenders,the 5th Tank Battalion expended 10,000 gallons of napalm-thickened fuel per day. The division's final action report stated that the flame tank was "the one weapon that caused the [Japanese] to leave their caves and rock crevices and run."

Fuel hose stretches up hill


Tanks advance up hill


Flame hits hill


Burned out Japanese survivor


Enemy position burned out

2 posted on 02/04/2005 1:03:38 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: All
...........


A U.S. Navy "Zippo" flamethrower

The unreliability of electronic ignition systems meant that operators sometimes had to use a Zippo lighter to ignite the fuel as it left the nozzle.


Vietnam

3 posted on 02/04/2005 1:04:14 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: Brad's Gramma; AZamericonnie; SZonian; soldierette; shield; A Jovial Cad; Diva Betsy Ross; ...



"FALL IN" to the FReeper Foxhole!



It's Friday. Good Morning Everyone.

If you want to be added to our ping list, let us know.

If you'd like to drop us a note you can write to:

The Foxhole
19093 S. Beavercreek Rd. #188
Oregon City, OR 97045

4 posted on 02/04/2005 1:05:28 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: snippy_about_it

Ah, Snippy, you are a woman after my own heart.

I think there is a place for a well armored flamethrower tank in modern urban combat. Combined with a 10" squash head projectile from a low pressure gun, perhaps on another vehicle, able to deal with thick concrete out to three hundred yards or so. Say, a three hundred pound projectile. A bit like a 10" mortar on a gun carriage.


5 posted on 02/04/2005 1:55:18 AM PST by Iris7 (.....to protect the Constitution from all enemies, both foreign and domestic. Same bunch, anyway.)
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To: snippy_about_it
Good morning Snippy.


6 posted on 02/04/2005 2:03:40 AM PST by Aeronaut (You haven't seen a tree until you've seen its shadow from the sky. -- Amelia Earhart)
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To: snippy_about_it


Germans in Stalingrad.


7 posted on 02/04/2005 2:36:39 AM PST by Grzegorz 246
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To: Iris7
"I think there is a place for a well armored flamethrower tank in modern urban combat."

I agree, generally urban combat became very important. Israelis built some strange vehicles well prepared for urban combat using captured T-54's and T-55's. Russians did something similar and built BTR-T, also new German IFV will be good in urban battles. they should be equipped in flamethrowers, 40 mm grenade launchers etc.
8 posted on 02/04/2005 2:50:45 AM PST by Grzegorz 246
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To: snippy_about_it

Good morning, snippy and everyone at the Foxhole.


9 posted on 02/04/2005 3:02:54 AM PST by E.G.C.
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To: snippy_about_it

Good Morning Snippy.


10 posted on 02/04/2005 4:18:41 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: Iris7

Not much around that's be better for clearing out a nest of terrorists. They worked pretty well at clearing out Japanese troops hiding in caves in WWII.


11 posted on 02/04/2005 4:22:02 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: Aeronaut

Morning Aeronaut.


12 posted on 02/04/2005 4:22:20 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: Grzegorz 246

Morning Grzegorz 246


13 posted on 02/04/2005 4:22:43 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: E.G.C.

Morning E.G.C.

We had a fast temperature drop last night. Caught a lot of people not ready for it. (Well, ok, it was probably just me, teach me not to have a coat handy this time of year.)


14 posted on 02/04/2005 4:24:56 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: snippy_about_it; SAMWolf; All

February 4, 2005

The Obedience Factor

Read:
Matthew 3:13-17

Permit it to be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness. -Matthew 3:15

Bible In One Year: Exodus 25-27

cover Dewey VanderVelde refused to be baptized. He steadfastly resisted, even when his wife and daughters were baptized one Sunday afternoon.

Years later, his pastor preached on the baptism of Jesus. He pointed out that John the Baptist initially refused to baptize Jesus, but Jesus said, "It is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness" (Matthew 3:15). The pastor then added this comment: "If Jesus obeyed the will of the Father, so should we."

After the message, Dewey asked to be baptized. He said that he should have obeyed the Lord's command much sooner, and he regretted having been so stubborn.

The issue, of course, was more than just baptism; it was obedience. The same may be true for us. We may be stubbornly disobeying the Lord in a certain area of our life-lying, cheating, stealing at work, not giving to the Lord.

Here's what we must face: Jesus obeyed the Father in everything. His submission took Him from the height of popularity to abandonment. It took Him from public adoration to solitary suffering. It took Him to Pilate's judgment hall, the terrible road to Calvary, the cross, and the tomb.

Let it be today that we willingly decide to obey the Lord in everything. -Dave Egner

O give us strength to quench the urge
To do things our own way;
And help us, Lord, to heed Your Word,
Its precepts to obey. -Sper

True faith will obey without delay.

FOR FURTHER STUDY
What Does It Take To Follow Christ?

15 posted on 02/04/2005 4:25:38 AM PST by The Mayor (Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.)
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To: snippy_about_it

Think for a moment about the concept of the flamethrower.

Okay? The flamethrower. Because we have them.

Well, *we* don't have them, the army has them. That's right. We don't have any flamethrowers.

I'd say we're screwed if we have to go up against the army, wouldn't you?

But we have flamethrowers. And what this indicates to me, it means that at some point, some person said to himself, "Gee, I sure would like to set those people on fire over there. But I'm way to far away to get the job done. If only I had something that would throw flame on them."

Well, it might have ended right there, but he mentioned it to his friend.

His friend who was good with tools.

And about a month later, he was back. "Hey, quite a concept!" WHHOOOOOOOOSSHHH!

And of course the army heard about it, and they came around. "We'd like to buy about five hundred-thousand of them please. We have some people we'd like to throw flame on. Give us five hundred thousand and paint them dark brown.

We don't want anyone to see them."

George Carlin

16 posted on 02/04/2005 4:29:08 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: The Mayor

Morning Mayor.


17 posted on 02/04/2005 4:29:46 AM PST by SAMWolf (Speed doesn't kill, running into slow things kills.)
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To: SAMWolf

Morning Sam, not getting much sleep lately are you..

Flame throwers have always amazed me.
I have a roofing torch that is like a miniature one.
I pick off bees flying around me in the summer.
I melted my sneaker this summer, I jumped around with a real hot foot.


18 posted on 02/04/2005 4:40:40 AM PST by The Mayor (Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.)
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To: SAMWolf; snippy_about_it
Good morning, folks.

Folks, I want to let you know that Microsoft is planning to release, get this, NINE critical updates for Windows on Tuesday. This many be a lgenthy download so you might want to prepare for that.

Weather's been nice yesterday. forecast high lower 50's. rain in the forecast for tommorow.

How's it going, Snippy?

19 posted on 02/04/2005 4:46:03 AM PST by E.G.C.
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To: snippy_about_it; All
Good morning. Coffee's on


20 posted on 02/04/2005 4:50:13 AM PST by GailA (Glory be to GOD and his only son Jesus.)
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