USO Canteen FReeper Style....Purple Heart Recipients We Thank you! ........August 7,2002

FRiends of the USO Canteen FReeper Style and Snow Bunny

[Snow Bunny]

.

.

If you know a Veteran, someone in your family,
friend of the family, neighbor, who served their
country, take a brief moment of your day to thank them.
Thank them for the sacrifice they made
for the better good of their country.

We at Free Republic, and the USO Canteen FReeper Style,
are thankful for every service member
in our military, who has served our great nation.

So, to the men and women who answered the call,
in both times of war and peace, thank you.

.

Message from Snow Bunny to all those who visit the Canteen.

This is how I think of the USO Canteen Freeper Style.
It is like a cottage down a road,
a place where a weary veteran can spend the night.

Since it opened, it is magical how so many
Freepers who post here, feel it too.
It has been so dear how the Freepers
kept making it a cottage - a home-type of place
that had a huge living room
for them to visit in and a dance floor, a library, etc.

Many Veterans have written to me,
saying that the Canteen is like home
to them for the first time since they served.

This is your Canteen -
a respite from our busy
and sometimes troubling world.
Make yourself at home.

..................................................................................................................................

.

THE BADGE OF MILITARY MERIT

Newburgh, May 3, 1783

The Purple Heart was established by Gen. George Washington during the American Revolution at his headquarters in Newburgh, New York, Aug. 7, 1782. His general order reads: "The General directs that whenever any singular meritorious action is performed, the author of it shall be permitted to wear on his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a Heart, in purple cloth silk... to be considered as a permanent one." The Purple Heart is the oldest military decoration for the American Army and the first ever made available to the enlisted man.

After the Revolutionary War, all records and references to this decoration were lost. On Feb. 22, 1932, the War Department revived the Purple Heart as the oldest of our Army decorations. The enacting order reads:

General Orders War Department No. 3
Washington, February 22, 1932

Purple Heart. — By order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart, established by General George Washington at Newburgh, August 7, 1782, during the War of the Revolution, is hereby revived out of respect of his memory and military achievements.

By order of the Secretary of War:
Douglas MacArthur
General
Chief of Staff

After the award was reinstated, recipients of a Meritorious Service Citation Certificate during World War I and other eligible soldiers could exchange their awards for the Purple Heart.

At the same time, revisions to Army regulations defined the conditions of the award:

"A wound which necessitates treatment by a medical officer and which is received in action with an enemy, may in the judgment of the commander authorize to make the award be construed as resulting from a singularly meritorious act of essential service."

At that time the Navy Department did not authorize the issue of the Purple Heart, but President Franklin D. Roosevelt amended that. By executive order on Dec. 3, 1942, the award was extended to the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard beginning Dec. 6, 1941.

President Harry S. Truman retroactively extended the eligibility for the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard to April 5, 1917, to cover World War I.

President John F. Kennedy extended eligibility April 25, 1962, to "any civilian national of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with an armed force... had been, or may hereafter be, wounded."

President Ronald Reagan amended President Kennedy's order to include those wounded or killed as a result of "an international-terrorist attack" Feb. 1984

The Purple Heart is awarded in the name of the President of the United States to any member of an Armed force who, while serving with the U.S. Armed Services after 5 April 1917, has been wounded or killed, or who has died or may hereafter die after being wounded. A wound for which the award is made must have required treatment by a medical officer.

Criteria:

For wounds or death sustained in action against an enemy of the United States;

In any action with an opposing armed force of a foreign country in which the Armed Forces of the United States are or have been engaged;

While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party;

As a result of an act of any such enemy of opposing armed forces;

As the result of an act of any hostile foreign force;

After 28 March 1973, as a result of an international terrorist attack against the United States by a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack by the Secretary of the department concerned, or jointly by Secretaries of the departments concerned if persons from more than one department are wounded in the attack; or

After 28 March 1973, as a result of military operations, while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force.

After 7 December 1941, by weapon fire while directly engaged in armed conflict, regardless of the fire causing the wound (friendly fire).

While held as a prisoner of war or while being taken captive.

It has not been uncommon in time of war, for soldiers to be wounded more than one time. (Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient Robert Howard was wounded 14 times in 54 months of combat duty, for a total of 9 awards of the Purple Heart.) As with other military awards, subsequent awards of the Purple Heart are designated by the addition of one oak leaf cluster for each additional award.

The Military Order of the Purple Heart is the only organization chartered by Congress to represent the military veterans who have been awarded the Purple Heart.

"Army Aviation - Vietnam" honors the accomplishments and sacrifices of US Army Aviation during the Vietnam War. Each type of Army aircraft, both rotary and fixed-wing, used during the Vietnam War is depicted. The centerpiece of the print is a 4-man flight crew, under a Purple Heart medal, representing the loss of over 4,000 Army aircrew members during the war.

Joe Kline was born in Washington, DC in 1949. He traces his interest in aviation to his father, who was a B-25 bombardier in the European theater of operations during World War II. Knowledge of his subject matter came from reading and model building at an early age. He garnered valuable first-hand knowledge while serving as a helicopter crew chief with the US Army's 101st Airborne Division in Vietnam in 1970-71.

Joe is a life member of the Vietnam Helicopter Crew Members Association, 101st Airborne Division Association

Medals

Don't envy a man his medals
All those ribbons on his chest
He did not try to get them
They're not there at his request
They were earned in stinking hell holes
Where no man would like to go
Or in cold and wintry places
Where there's only ice and snow
He did not know he earned them
Till they were awarded at parade
And they were bright when he first got them
But in time the colors fade
He was told he had to wear them
And to wear them all with pride
But when the memories come to haunt him
Those same medals make him hide
Cause those medals will not bring back
All those guys he left behind
And he would trade them all forever
For a little peace of mind
So don't envy a man his medals
You don't want to take his place
Thinking back to long gone battles
And meeting dead friends face to face

Author Unknown

THE PURPLE HEART 

Once upon a time when most of us had died
A soldier at the Judgment seat applied.
"Show me," the Stern one said,
"Some proof that you are choice among the dead!
Some saintly act; some holy skill or kindly art.!" 

Only this, Oh Magistrate, Oh King, Oh God;
My life's blood for my country stained the sod.
For proof...I have this Purple Heart." 

He gazed long at it, the King all mankind's mentor
Then nodding, softly whispered..."Enter." 

Richard H. Duckwell 

THE SONS OF MEN

the sons of men
go off to war
to fight and die
on foreign shore
some on the waves
some in the air
in jungled valleys
or deserts bare
I pray to God 
a safe return
and if there's 
one thing
I would learn
I must not fail
to do my part
to praise our boys
in head and heart
for this very day
I'm living free
'cause others' sons
have died for me.
.
Author Fish Hawk

.
Hero 
For those who fought on distant shore,
Who gave without a word;
Defending us with honor,
So gallantly they served.
For every boy who left his home,
Returning there a man;
And every woman who made a choice,
To make serving part of her plan.
For every fallen soldier,
Who gave all they could give;
To guarantee our liberty,
And the freedom that we live.
Each one who served with honor,
The brave, the tried, the true;
America gives it thanks today,
For we see a hero in you.
.
Author Allison Chambers Coxsey


They Don't Wear Purple Hearts In Heaven 

I lost my brother to a foreign land; 
I was too young to even understand 
There was a knock at the front door, 
then Momma wasn't smiling anymore. 
The man at the door was a Marine; 
the first I've ever seen. 
Momma told me to go out and play, 
then the preacher came 
and they started to pray. 
Tears ran down Momma's eyes, 
and I heard her say, "Why, Lord, Why"? 
Father stood there seemingly mindless, 
all he said was, "We've lost another of 
America's finest." 
The Marine handed Momma a small velvet case, 
inside was a Purple Ribbon, attached to a 
gold heart with Washington's face. 
I asked Momma if it were mine, 
but she said, "It's your brother's, Sunshine." 
"Momma can we send it to Kevin?" 
She answered, "They don't wear Purple Hearts in Heaven." 
Author unknown 
.

[Snow Bunny]

.

.

.

Tribute To HEROES

.

If there's anything that identifies and personifies all military people, it's the dogtags.
It's one of the first things we get, and sometimes it's the last reminder of who we are.
They signify our unity of purpose and our dedication to our country.

COB1

.

.

Tribute to Vietnam Veterans
Please click on picture.

.

The great intangible of America's wars beyond logistics,
beyond strategy, beyond wonder weapons and Generals,
is the spiritual force of its fighting men and women -
and that is the force that the USO so serves.

.

Free Republic....Click for Donations

.

For our Troops, and supporters of
those serving now, and our Veterans.

Partners

.... ....

.

To Jim Robinson,
Founder of FRee Republic and Navy Veteran

Thank you, from all those
who frequent the FReeper Canteen

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

[Snow Bunny]

[Snow Bunny]

[Snow Bunny]

[The Right Stuff]

A Guadalcanal anniversary bump for you (and your graphics, too!). Thanks to all of our brave Vets!

[Snow Bunny]

Thank you everyone for your tremendous support of the USO Canteen FReeper Style!!!
Thank you Troops and your families for serving our country to keep us safe.
And thank you Veterans for your service to our country.

[Snow Bunny]

Hi, so very nice to see you.Thank you so much.

[Kathy in Alaska]

Here I am trying to sign off for the night and now I'm crying. Thank you Snow for the beautiful thread for this new day. God Bless you and all our military, past and present. And DoughtyOne's planes are sure a neat sight. Thank you D1 for the great graphics you have made for The Canteen. Good night all.

[Snow Bunny]

Hi Kathy, I missed you and everyone today so much. I had some things I had to take care of.

Sweet dreams Kathy. See you in the morning.I get to stay home all day tomorrow unless someone wants to see the house.yipeee

[Snow Bunny]

Cote, thank you so much for your beautiful help with the thread.I apprecciate it sooooo much.

[Snow Bunny]

Linda, thank you for the very special thread yesterday. And it is so wonderful that precious MuShu is back home now for lots of hugs....giggle.

Thank you for all your help Linda.

[Snow Bunny]

We all miss you Misty!!

6

[Snow Bunny]

At the USO Canteen FReeper Style and Free Republic we are sooooo Proud of our troops serving now!

[thedilg]

Dear Snow Bunny,

This is my first visit to the canteen. What a nice surprise.

In well over three decades no one ever mentioned a purple heart. I never bring up Nam. It is such a heartbreak for me to have lost so many great Americans, fellow fighter jocks and friends in a war that I finally realized that we would not be allowed to win.

Many thanks.

Godspeed, The Dilg

[Aeronaut]

Good morning Bunny.

[RadioAstronomer]

The next science post :-)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

The electromagnetic wave is a continuous wave of intersecting electrostatic and magnetic lines of force traveling at the speed of light. The electromagnetic wave is one of the four fundamental forces described in the standard model. The entire electromagnetic wave’s spectrum starts with radio waves at the lower frequencies and is named gamma and cosmic waves at the upper. The very tiny portion of this spectrum that is visible to the human eye is the red thru violet light that we are able to see.

The two components making up an electromagnetic wave are the:

Electric field
Magnetic field

The two fields are always perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

An Electromagnetic wave has 7 fundamental qualities:

Speed
Direction
Polarization
Intensity
Wavelength
Frequency
Phase

Speed:

In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed (the speed of light), usually represented by the letter c. The speed changes slightly due to the medium the wave is traveling through. In the Troposphere the speed is a tiny bit slower. This effect of velocity due to the atmosphere also varies due to frequency, thus the speed of a radio wave in the atmosphere varies by the frequency of the wave. This change in speed is so tiny for most practical purposes we are able to use the rounded number of 300x10⁶ meters per second.

Direction:

This is the direction in which the electromagnetic wave travels (the direction of propagation). It is always perpendicular to the directions of both the magnetic and electric fields. When an electromagnetic wave strikes a reflecting object (like a dish antenna or a mirror) the direction is reversed.

Polarization:

This is the term used to express the orientation of the wave’s magnetic and electric fields. Normally it is described in the direction of the electric field. When the electric field is vertical the wave vertically polarized and when the electric field is horizontal the wave is horizontally polarized. If the wave’s E and H fields are rotating, the wave is said to be circular polarized. If the wave rotates counter clockwise it is called left hand polarization, and it is right hand polarized if it rotates in a clockwise direction.

Intensity:

This is the term used for how much energy is propagated along the wave. The intensity is a function of the strength of the E and H fields in the wave.

Wavelength:

If we could freeze a linear polarized wave and view its two fields from a distance, we would observe two things. First the strength of the field varies cyclically in the direction of the wave’s travel and second, as each time the intensity goes through zero, the direction of both fields reverse. If the wave is continuous, the shape is the same as sinusoidal plot. This is why radio waves are referred to as sine waves. The wavelength is the distance between successive peaks on the sine wave.

Frequency:

Frequency is the number of wave peaks that pass a point in space in a given second. The frequency is represented by the symbol f and is expressed in hertz. One hertz equals one cycle per second. Another measure of frequency is the period of a wave. It is the length of time it takes for the wave to complete one cycle. Period is obtained by dividing one second by the number of cycles per second (frequency). For example: if the frequency is 1Mhz (one million cycles per second), the period will be one-millionth of a second (1 microsecond).

Phase:

This is the relationship of the lead or lag of an electromagnetic wave with respect to a reference frequency of the same wavelength. Phase is usually defined as the point of time, which the amplitude of a signal goes through zero in the positive direction. Thus, the signal’s phase is the amount that the zero crossings lag or lead the corresponding point in the reference signal. The phase is expressed in degrees (360 deg is one complete cycle). If for instance, a wave is lagging a quarter of a wavelength behind the reference, its phase is 360 deg x 1/4 = 90 deg.

[larryjohnson]

GOOD MORNIN from a sky blue pink Maine. Welcome to the USO! You'll find me here by 0600 sending out the wx which is 60 in
summer and 30 in winter. I am your FReepersonaltrainer. Now I have to meet a cliet at U Maine, Machias.

[piasa]

Welcome, then... and thank you for your service. For Nam vets it has been long overdue.

[RadioAstronomer]

Hi! Did you see my post last thursday on the color of the sky? :-)

[RadioAstronomer]

Welcome! :-)

[larryjohnson]

Your sky and other explanations are saved for later reading to my grandboys. Thank you. I need coffee before I can digest such.

[MeekOneGOP]

Mornin' ya'll !

[RadioAstronomer]

Cool! :-)

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS Brooklyn (CL-40)

Brooklyn class light cruiser
Displacement. 9700
Lenght. 608'4"
Beam. 61'9"
Draft. 24'
Speed. 33.6 k.
Complement. 868
Armament 15 6", 8 5"
Commissioned on 30 September 1937
Sold to Chile on On 9 January 1951

The third Brooklyn (CL-40) was launched 30 November 1936 by New York Navy Yard; sponsored by Miss Kathryn Jane Lackey, daughter of Rear Admiral F. R. Lackey; and commissioned 30 September 1937, Captain W. D. Brereton, Jr., in command.

Brooklyn joined the fleet in the Panama Canal Zone during the latter part of 1938. She was assigned to Cruiser Division 8 and attended to routine duties with the fleet until April 1939. In mid-April she returned to the United States where she participated in the opening of the New York World's Fair (30 April 1939). On 23 May Brooklyn was ordered to the scene of the Squalus (SS-192) disaster, six miles south of the Isles of Shoals N. H. Until 3 June she acted as a base ship during the salvage and rescue operations. Brooklyn then steamed to the west coast where she joined the Pacific Fleet and participated in the opening of the Golden Gate Exposition (18 February 1940). She served on the went coast until March 1941, when she departed on a good-will and training tour of the South Pacific. In May she left Pearl Harbor for the east coast where she joined the Atlantic Squadron. During 1-7 July 1941 she escorted the convoy carrying Marines to Reykjavik, Iceland. During the remainder of 1941 Brooklyn engaged in convoy escort and Neutrality Patrol.

With the entry of the United States into World War II Brooklyn got underway from Bermuda to patrol the Caribbean Sea. In April 1942 she was assigned convoy escort duty between the United States and the United Kingdom. On 3 September during one of the trans-Atlantic crossings, Wakefield (AP-21), a member of the convoy caught fire and was abandoned. Brooklyn rescued 1173 troops which had been embarked on board Wakefield. Although severely damaged by the fire Wakefield was towed to safety and repaired.

On 24 October 1942 Brooklyn departed Norfolk for North Africa. On 8 November she bombarded shore installations to cover the Fedhala landing. While thus engaged she was hit by a dud projectile from a coastal defense gun which damaged two of the cruiser's guns and wounded five of her crew. She departed Casablanca for the east coast 17 November 1942. Between January and July 1943 she made three convoy escort voyages between the east coast and Casablanca and then steamed to the Mediterranean where she carried out screening and fire support duties during the invasion of Sicily (10-14 July).

Remaining in the Mediterranean, Brooklyn next covered the Anzio-Nettuno landings (22 January-9 February 1944). Between 13 and 23 May 1944 she participated in the bombardment of the Formia-Anzio area and then carried out exercises in preparation for the invasion of southern France. On 15 August 1944 Brooklyn furnished part of the heavy naval gunfire which preceded the landing of Allied troops on the coast of southern France. She remained on duty in the Mediterranean until 21 November 1944 when she departed Sicily for New York, arriving 30 November.

Between December 1944 and May 1945 Brooklyn underwent extensive overhaul and alteration at New York Navy Yard. From May through September 1945 she exercised along the eastern seaboard and then reported to Philadelphia Navy Yard for her pre-inactivation overhaul. She went in commission in reserve 30 January 1946 and out of commission in reserve 3 January 1947. On 9 January 1951 Brooklyn was transferred under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program to Chile.

Brooklyn received four battle stars for her World War II service.

[aomagrat]

Big guns in action!

[tomkow6]

Good morning, Snow! Good morning, EVERYBODY!

HAPPY HUMP DAY!

[tomkow6]

Today's FEEBLE attempt at humor:

Church Bulletins and Service bloopers...

Our next song is "Angels We Have Heard Get High".

Don't let worry kill you -- let the church help.

Remember in prayer the many who are sick of our church and community.

The rosebud on the altar this morning is to announce the birth of David Alan Belzer, the sin of Rev. and Mrs. Julius Belzer.

This afternoon there will be a meeting in the South and North ends of the church. Children will be baptized at both ends.

Tuesday at 4:00 p.m. there will be an ice cream social. All ladies giving milk will please come early.

This being Easter Sunday, we will ask Mrs. Lewis to come forward and lay an egg on the altar.

The ladies of the church have cast off clothing of every kind. They can be seen in the church basement Saturday.

[tomkow6]

Welcome! And THANK YOU!

[tomkow6]

Hey, Clara! Sassy!

WAKE UP!hehehehehehehehehe

[tomkow6]

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

That's how the "voices" get in & out of my head ..........I think

[Pippin]

Good Morning, Meek!

[Pippin]

GRRRRRRRRRR!!!!!!!!!!

[Pippin]

Good Morning, Starman!

Im I gonna "See" you on ATRW?

[JustAmy]

Thank for your service to our country. My younger brother does not talk about Vietnam either. Your service and that of your brothers is and was appreciated. I wish I had been more active during those years; I should have been welcoming you home with a sign of support!



God Bless You!
God Bless our Military, Past and Present!
God Bless America!

[Joe Brower]

FYI, folks, the latest issue of American Legion Magazine features the growing disparity between the agenda of the U.N. and the values of America as it's cover article. Click the image below to read what they have to say. It's not complimentary to the United Nations.

It will be interesting to see what happens if & when the people who comprise the U.S. armed forces decide that they will no longer be pawns on the internationalist politicians' chessboard…

[Victoria Delsoul]

Good morning, friends.

Hope everyone has a great day.

click on the graphic

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning all. Missed you yesterday Snow Bunny

[SAMWolf]

So are we gonna get a rail gun or plasma rifle out of this?

[SAMWolf]

Geez! Look at the elevation on those guns!

[Auntbee]

Thank you for doing this daily. I look forward to this every morning.

[Pippin]

Good Morning,Sam!

[Auntbee]

Welcome. I'm a newbie here too. Thank you for your service to our great country. You really are appreciated. You'll love this site.

[SkyPilot]

Very interesting # 35--thanks.

[Valin]

30 yrs later vet gets Purple Heart

Mendota Review
Published: 3/4/01 Author: Carlin Larson
Posted on 03/17/2001 17:03:40 PST by Valin
Over 30years ago thomas Mohs was asked if he wanted a Purple Heart. He was wounded in 1969 while serving in a reconnaissance unit during the Vietnam war. Mohs chose not to accept the award, saying others were more deserving.

Humility stayed with Mohs (52) and three decades later, he still shuns occasions where his efforts are praised. However his family is determined not to let is heroic efforts and those of other veterans go unrecognized.

Mohs grew up in south mpls and was the third child of a family of 13 children. After graduating from south high school, he joined the US Marines Corps and served with the 3rd Recon Marines in Vietnam. Althought he was wounded, he fulfilled his tour awyway.

After returning home, Thomas had a couple of jobs before marrying his wife Lynda. they have been married 22 years
Two years ago, Lynda looked into securing the medal for her husband. The Purple Heart was important to Mohs older brother Joseph who passed away in 1988 and who served in Vietnam and always wanted his younger brother to receive the honor. "I did it on behalf of Joseph," said Lynda.

A client of the couples tax service business Jim Wendt, happened to be the commander of the St Paul chapter of the Military Order of the Purple Heart.
Conversations began between the family and Wendt and soon work was underway to secure the medal Thomas had refused to accept over 31 years ago.

Wendt cotacted Mike Siebenaler, a veterans liasion from Sen. Paul Welstone's office. The two men retrieved old records and gathered information. according to siehenaler, there is a large number of veterans each year that inquire about receiving their Purple Hearts.
During the war, many were discharged after being injured and told to contact the government after they returned home to obtain their medal.Because of the large number of inquories, the process often takes a couple of years.

"A lot of it was paperwork and double-checking," adds Wendt.

Thomas weas honored Feb 24 at the North St Paul VFW Founders day dinner at which time a major in the Marine Corp stationed at fort Snelling awarded thomas the medal.
This time he graciously accepted the medal in the presence of his family. "It ment a lot to have them all there," says Thomas.
"He would rather have other veterans recognized than himself," Lynda adds about her husband.

During the war, Thomas also received the Vietnamese Cross of Vallantry, an award given to only 10 soldiers who served in Vietnam during the war. Like many veterans Thomas is uncomfortable discussing his combat experiences, but Lynda explains that he another soldier single-handedly took out an entire company. Lynda and Thomas now run their own business, Mohs Tax Service in St Paul, a large independent tax office.

[Valin]

1742 Nathanael Greene, Revoluntionary War general, second only to Washington

General Nathanael Greene
One of the most trusted generals of the Revolutionary army was Nathanael Greene, friend and comrade-in-arms of Washington. The Greene family were among the earliest settlers in Rhode Island and helped establish the colony on its foundations. John Greene was the founder of the family in the new colony. Nathanael Greene was born May 27, 1742. His education because of conditions of the day was limited but he received a thorough training in the books which were available. The main book in which he was carefully grounded was the Bible, and upon this book were built his habits of living, moral ideals and purposes.
However, in due course Greene used every possible moment to read books and saved his money to buy books so that eventually he acquired a large library. Greene had also been taught blacksmithing and the milling work. His father purchased a mill in Coventry which was assigned to Nathanael to manage. His knowledge acquired through extensive reading and study led him to take an active part in community affairs. He knew the values of education and helped establish the first public school in Coventry. He also added books on military science to his library which he studied diligently. When the Quaker authorities discovered his interest in these affairs, he was called before the main committee for examination, but Greene stated firmly that though he was a Quaker, he would not be turned from studies which interested him and the case was dropped.

Greene's friends and neighbors liked him, because they found him very dependable; consequently in 1770 he was elected to the General Assembly of Rhode Island. He was not an unusual debater, but his sound reasoning and common sense brought him to the fore in the Assembly. In committee work he was at his best and his judgement was sound and convincing.

Because of difficulties arising between England and her colonies, groups of men were formed, drilled and armed to meet emergencies. Consequently Greene became a member of a company known as the Kentish Guards.

In July, 1774, he married Catharine Littlefield, a young woman of a good family from Rhode Island.

When the news of the battles of Lexington and Concord reached Rhode Island, Greene was one of four men who hurried to Boston to offer his services. In the meantime, the General Assembly of Rhode Island ordered a force of sixteen hundred men to be called into the service and Nathanael Greene was made commander with the rank of Major-General. His studies of military science helped to meet many problems but many had to be solved the hard way. He worked early and late to bring his force to a workable efficiency and good discipline. In June 1775 he had his troops in position around Boston.

When Washington arrived to command the armies around Boston in July, Greene welcomed Washington on behalf of the army. Almost from the beginning a life-long friendship began between the two men. In a little while the armies were placed on the continental organization plan which resulted in the reduction of Greene's rank from Major-General to Brigadier-General, a demotion which he accepted in good grace. He was ready to serve his country under the leadership of Washington. In the earlier days of the war their were many who did not desire to serve beyond their own immediate area, but Greene pointed out such desires would never bring victory. It would be necessary to realize that the struggle was national in character and scope and not local or provincial. Later Greene and his troops were ordered to Long Island to drive off the British if they attacked that area. Late in the summer of 1776 the British attacked the Americans around New York when the Americans were obliged to retreat. During this period Greene was made a Major-General. At Christmas time, 1776 and early in the New Year at Princeton, under the leadership of Washington two fine victories were won. By these victories British strength in New Jersey was destroyed and American morale was restored.

Washington was not in a position to attack the British because of a smaller army and a lack of necessary supplies. Late in the summer Washington moved his troops below Wilmington and invited an attack from the combined British forces under Howe but they did not desire to open a frontal attack upon Washington. Finally Washington met the British and Hessian soldiers in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, southeastern Pennsylvania, and in the closing hours of the struggle Greene rendered conspicuous service by his indomitable courage. Again on October 3, 1777 with the British in possession of Philadelphia, Washington proposed an audacious attack upon the enemy forces at Germantown, Philadelphia, which would have resulted in a decisive victory if one of Washington's officers had obeyed orders. Nevertheless, the British realized that Washington was far from being a conquered man.

The continental army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge on December 19, 1777. The need of supplies of all kinds was evident from the beginning of camp. In order to secure food Washington appointed Greene to look after it. Finally, he appointed Greene Quartermaster-General. He was loathe to accept it, because he wanted to be in active service which Washington assured him he could have when the occasion would arise. Washington posted in the order of the day under 24th March, 1778, the following statement: "The Honourable Continental Congress have been pleased to appoint Major-General Greene, Quartermaster-General in the army of the United States--reserving his rank of Major-General in the same". His work was efficiently and carefully done so that Washington was relieved of a heavy burden. Among the trials which faced Washington during part of the cantonment period were the efforts of some self-seeking officers to deprive Washington of his high command. They received some support from some of the members of Congress at York. The efforts were also directed against General Greene because of his devotion and loyalty to Washington. However, they could not move Greene in his support of Washington and Greene's earnest loyalty was an important contributing factor in bringing the conspiracy to an untimely end. In due course, Washington's supporters crushed the conspiracy in Congress and Washington stood out stronger than ever by the support of the army and the loyalty of the officers, members of Congress and the people generally. Greene's fine support was likewise generally approved. That Washington approved of Greene's ability in the administration of the affairs of the camp is shown by Weedon's Valley Forge Orderly Book wherein General Greene's name appears as many times from almost the beginning of the camp December 22, 1777. On April 20, 1778, at Valley Forge, Washington sent a letter to the leading officers about a proposed campaign later in the spring; he raised three questions, should an attack be directed against Philadelphia, New York, or "remaining quiet in a secure, fortified camp disciplining and arranging the army till the enemy began their operations, and then to govern ourselves accordingly, which of these three plans shall we adopt?" Greene agreed that the best policy would be to keep the main body of the army in camp, drilling and making the soldiers more efficient, but he thought an attack could be successfully made on New York by a force of four thousand regulars. However, the withdrawal of the British from Philadelphia in June, 1778, changed the plan of campaign. At once Washington ordered the army from Valley Forge and started in pursuit of the British across New Jersey and in the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, the Americans met the British in a hard struggle in which Greene rendered conspicuous service. During the night the British retired and eventually reached New York.

In the meantime Greene had resigned his position as Quartermaster General as he desired to give his entire time to his command. Eventually Washington agreed to the plan. Washington had also placed Benedict Arnold in command of West Point. Arnold felt he had not been properly rewarded by Congress for his services and he therefore entered into negotiations with Andre of the British to turn over West Point to the British as it was the most important strategic point along the Hudson and if the British held it, New York State would be open to complete conquest by the British. However, the plot was discovered with the result of the arrest of Andre, and Arnold escaped to the protection of the British forces.

In the meantime Greene was placed in command of West Point and since the betrayal of Arnold was checked, Greene felt the responsibility of his position and put the location in fine defense in order to be ready for a British attack. Washington made Greene the chairman of the commission to try Andre to determine within the categories of military law his exact position. Andre made his defense which was a confession which revealed his guilt as a spy. The decision of the court was unanimous that Andre should suffer the death penalty. The findings of the court were sent to Clinton, the British commander, in New York. Immediately Clinton sent commissioners to Greene in order to save Andre's life. One of the British commissioners was General Robertson, who was permitted to meet Greene at King's Ferry. Greene represented Washington at the conference. Greene listened to the arguments of Robertson to save the life of Andre, but he pointed out that Andre by his own confession admitted he was a spy. It was a difficult and trying situation, but Greene met it carefully and capably. Thus for a time he continued at West Point.

For the third time South Carolina was invaded by the British and the third time they were successful. Georgia was under control of the enemy and they were resolved to conquer the south and then return and defeat Washington's army in the north. In order to help the south, Congress had ordered Gates to drive the British out of the country. Unfortunately, Gates was severely defeated at Camden, South Carolina. It was a tragic blow to the south and the country as a whole. Congress was stunned. However, Congress changed its attitude. Previously Congress passed over Washington's position as Commander-in-Chief and sent Gates south directly. Washington again proved his greatness and remained silent when Congress failed to consult him. Now in the hour of tragedy and distress, Congress turned to Washington and asked him to name the successor to the defeated Gates. Washington knew the time was short if the British were to be restricted in their advance. Washington accepted the request of Congress and appointed Greene to go to the southern theater of war. Greene accepted the orders and proceeded at once to fulfill them. From reports only a skeleton of an army existed in the south. Congress had very little money and supplies for a new army were almost negligible. Greene moved south as rapidly as possible and placed key men as leaders in several states to secure supplies of all kinds and likewise recruits. He came to the army camp at Charlotte, North Carolina, December 2, 1780. Then in the weeks ahead Greene was busy building up his forces and endeavoring to have a workable army. However he was in no condition to give battle to the enemy. At last Cornwallis with his well trained army began to press Greene. However, Greene, by careful planning eluded him. Greene's force was much inferior, having a large number of prisoners, baggage and supplies. Nevertheless, he was able to escape Cornwallis' forces. Indeed Cornwallis could well be nonplussed. Greene's strategy was to keep rivers and streams between his army and the enemy. It was the season to the year when the rivers and streams could rise rapidly and these conditions Greene watched with unusual care. Greene knew the time would come and perhaps very soon that he would be compelled to fight Cornwallis. After the American army crossed the Yadkin River, he held the British back for a time.

Greene now resolved upon the unfolding of his strategy, if he could lure Cornwallis to Guilford Court-House, North Carolina, he would have battleground of his own choosing for his inferior army and at the same time Cornwallis would be unusually distant from his main base of supplies at Wilmington. Greene sent word to all American detachments to consolidate and meet at Guilford Court-House. At this time Greene wrote to Washington that his retreating was almost at an end as hoped to give battle to Cornwallis on ground of his own choosing. Washington wrote to Greene from New Windsor, New York, under date, 21 March, 1781, (a few days after the battle of Guilford Court-House and of course Washington had no word of the battle) in part as follows: "I returned the last evening from Newport, to which place I had been upon a visit to Count de Rochembeau. Your last letter has relieved me from much anxiety, by informing me you had saved all your baggage, artillery and stores, notwithstanding the hot pursuit of the enemy, and that you in turn were following them. I hope your reinforcement may be such as will enable you to prevent them taking a part in the upper country, and hinder the disaffected from joining them. You may be assured that your retreat before Cornwallis is highly applauded by all ranks, and reflects much honor on your military abilities."

On March 14, 1781, Greene prepared his army for battle. His forces had been increased by militia and volunteers who were men without battle experience, although he had about fifteen hundred Continental soldiers. During these weeks Greene had kept up the morale of his army and his self sacrificing spirit gave confidence to his army. On the other hand Cornwallis' troops were well disciplined and the majority were seasoned veterans. In this area amid forest and brush and hills and not much clearing, Greene made his stand to fight and the British were compelled to accept the ground or retreat. Cornwallis resolved to fight. Greene arranged his army in three lines. The first line gave way which was made up of untrained militia. The second line was also militia but under the command of seasoned officers. The third line was composed of continental soldiers. The second and third lines rendered good service but not sufficient enough to give Greene a victory. In the early part of the struggle Greene lost his artillery, but the artillery would not have helped much in the heavily wooded section. However, the British forces were stopped, crippled and in a serious situation. The British lost in killed, wounded and missing six hundred and thirty three. The American losses were much less than the British number. The enemy losses were so heavy because of the accurate marksmanship of the American riflemen. After the battle the British were in serious straits. Shortly after the battle Cornwallis began to retreat and Greene started in pursuit, but he was so short of ammunition that he could not accomplish very much. Consequently, he gave up the pursuit and his army was reduced in size since the terms of the militia expired. Cornwallis continued a rapid retreat to Wilmington in their march into Virginia. Greene had freed the State of North Carolina from the major forces of the British army and that he was able to accomplish this with an inefficient and poorly equipped army, reveals that a moral as well as a military victory was on his side.

Washington wrote a letter to Greene under date 18, April, 1781, from New Windsor in part as follows: "Your private letter of the 18th ultimo came safe to hand. Although the honors of the field did not fall to your lot, I am convinced you deserved them. The chances of war are various and the best concerted measures, and the most flattering prospects, may and often do deceive us; especially while we are in the power of the militia. The motives which induced you to seek an action with Lord Cornwallis are supported upon the best military principles; and the consequences, if you can prevent the dissipation of your troops, will no doubt be fortunate. Every support, that it is in my power to give you from this army, shall cheerfully be afforded; but if I part with any more troops, I must accompany them or have none to command, as there is not at this moment more than a garrison for West Point, nor can I tell when there will be."

Greene now resolved upon a difficult undertaking in order to drive the British out of South Carolina. In the meantime Marion, Sumter and others had been carrying on a difficult struggle against British and Tory forces with indifferent success. The main British forces were under the command of Rawdon. Greene met Rawdon in battle at Hobkirk's Hill, in which the British won an empty victory as Greene withdrew his forces and established a well fortified camp, which Rawdon did not attack. The fact that Greene's army had not been destroyed by the British encouraged the patriots of South Carolina. Large numbers of men joined Marion's forces and the caused the British much trouble. Several British strongholds were also captured. Later Greene began the seige of Fort Ninety-Six which was one-hundred and forty-seven miles northwest of Charleston. However, the approach of Rawdon's force compelled him to give up the seige. His troops had become veterans as a result of the fight at Hobkirk's Hill and at Ninety-Six. They were now resolved to fight on for victory. In the end Rawdon withdrew his forces from Ninety-Six. It was not long before Greene started to march after Rawdon and he offered Rawdon battle but he refused the challenge. Greene's army had grown in sufficient numbers, so that it needed reorganization, drill and new equipment. Greene ordered Marion, Lee and other leaders to take their bands of men and press the enemy from every quarter. Them movement was successful. Morale was renewed in the military and among the civilian population loyal to the American cause. Later Greene prepared his army to attack the British at Eutaw Springs which was fought on September 8, 1781. Greene's forces numbered about 2,000 and the British 2,300. Greene had carefully prepared for a surprise attack and was well on his way when two deserters of his army informed the British of the approach of the American army. After a difficult struggle, the British were driven back but not destroyed as Greene had planned. Greene recalled his forces, and in the end the British were compelled to retreat. This was the struggle which weakened the British so much and caused the break-down of the morale of the Tories, that their control in South Carolina was almost ended, and it was certain their time was fast ebbing away. It was not long before the only stronghold left to the British in South Carolina was Charleston. Governor Rutledge then congratulated Greene upon his fine service under the most trying difficulties. The governor said: "We have now full and absolute possession of every part of the state; and the legislative, judicial and executive powers are in the exercise of their respective authorities." In attesting their appreciation the legislature of the state voted him a gift of ten thousand guineas. Truly it was a gift which was very helpful to Greene as at this time his possessions were very meager. He was grateful and appreciative of the gift. In the meantime was Greene kept his army in position ready to strike at the British in Charleston. However, the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, pointed the way that the British must evacuate Charleston. Finally the British withdrew from Charleston on December 14, 1782. The Americans under Greene took possession and now North Carolina and South Carolina were free of the enemy. Peace had come at last. Greene's determined struggle in North and South Carolina also aided in the American cause in Georgia. Once British power was broken in the Carolinas, a victory was assured in Georgia. North Carolina and Georgia likewise appreciated Greene's unequal struggle and North Carolina legislature gave him five thousand guineas and Georgia twenty four thousand acres of choice land.

In August of 1783, Greene could leave the southern theatre since peace was established and as Congress was in session at Princeton, he went there and surrendered his final commission. Congress gave him official recognition for the eminent service he rendered for his country. Washington also expressed his gratitude for the services of his friend and comrade-in-arms, as it was Washington who had sent Greene to perform the unusually difficult task. When he came to Rhode Island, there he was given a warm and hospitable reception. However, he determined to move to the south and develop his estate, "Mulberry Grove," located on the Savannah River.

Finally in the latter part of 1785 he settled on his plantation with his wife and children. he looked forward to a future of much happiness and contentment. He entered into the development of his plantation with much vigor and interest. In April, 1786, he wrote a letter to a friend in which he stated in part: "The garden is delightful. The fruit trees and flowering shrubs form a pleasant variety. We have green peas almost fit to eat and as fine lettuce as you ever saw. The mocking birds surround us evening and morning. The weather is mild and the vegetable world progressing to perfection. We have in the same orchard apples, pears, peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums of various kinds, figs, pomegranate and oranges. And we have strawberries which measure three inches around."

Greene went to Savannah on a business trip, June 12, 1786, and on his journey home he stopped at the plantation of a friend to see his rice fields, as he had become interested in producing rice. During his visit at his friend's plantation he was exposed to the hot rays of the sun, and when he returned home he became very ill and on June 19, he died. When the news of his untimely death spread throughout the countryside and Savannah, shock and sorrow caused the suspension of all business. The entire nation mourned his passing. His highest tribute may be expressed in the fact that he was a man Washington always trusted, and history well records that he stood next to Washington in service for his country.

[Valin]

Henry IV
German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou, b. at Goslar, 11 November, 1050; d. at Liège, 7 August, 1108. The power and resources of the empire left behind by Conrad II, which Henry III had already materially weakened, were still further impaired by the feebleness of the queen regent, who was devoid of political ability. The policy of Henry of Henry III, which had been chiefly directed to Church affairs, had already called forth the opposition of the princes. But now, under the regency, which continued the same policy, the hostility between the ecclesiastical and temporal nobles came to a climax on the kidnapping of the king from Kaiserswert (1062). The regency passed into the hands of of the princes after the seizure of the boy-king. At the outset Archbishop Anno of Cologne had charge of the government of the empire and supervised the education of the royal child. But he was soon compelled to accept the energetic Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen, as a colleague. The boy's whole heart went out to the joyous, splendour-loving Archbishop of Bremen. That prelate was now de facto the real ruler of Germany. He returned with vigorous steps to the deserted paths of Conrad II's policy and attempted, not in vain, to restore the empire's prestige, particularly in the East. At the Diet of Tribur this masterful prelate fell a victim to the jealous hostility of the princes (1066). It now appeared that the young king was quite able to satisfy his violent craving for independence; and he determined to carry out the policy of Adalbert.

Henry IV's real political independence did not begin until 1070. When he seized the reins of government, thanks to the energetic rule of Adalbert, the condition of the empire was no worse than at the death of Henry III. But, meantime, the papacy had been entirely emancipated from the imperial power, and the German Church, on which Otto the Great had built up his power, had become more closely united to Rome and ceased to be a constitutional state church. Consequently, though this did not appear immediately, the foundations of the Othonian system were undermined. Strong and energetic popes had appeared on the scene and found allies. On the one hand the powers of Lorraine and Tuscany offered a valuable support to the papacy in Central Italy. Here Beatrice of Tuscany had contracted a matrimonial alliance with the unruly Duke Godfrey of Lorraine. On the other hand Hildebrand's admirable conciliatory policy had likewise gained allies in the southern half of the peninsula among the Normans. And finally the high Church party did not lack friends even in Northern Italy. The Pataria of Milan, a democratic movement that combined an economic with an ecclesiastical reform agitation, was won over by Hildebrand to the cause of the Papal See.

This policy inaugurated by Hildebrand had already indicated opposition to the empire. It is true that one the German side there was a reaction against violations of the legal status prevailing in papal elections and other affairs: but definiteness of aim and enduring vigour were on the side of the reform party and its masterful spokesman Hildebrand, who, as Gregory VII, was soon to come forward as the young king's opponent. (See GREGORY VII, POPE; INVESTITURES, CONFLICT OF.) Hatred and passion distorted the portraits of both these men in contemporary history. Even to-day we can see only faint outlines of these two men, the central figures of a tragedy of world-wide historical import. We know that Henry IV had a good literary education, but that his literary and artistic interests were not profound and were not, as in the case of his father, submerged in unpractical idealism. He was a conscious realist. He failed altogether to understand the politico-religious aims of his father's policy. Some of his contemporaries disparaged his moral character, with some justice perhaps, but certainly with much exaggeration. Of course his nature was passionate: that is probably the reason he never in his whole life acquired a refined harmony of character. At times he was plunged in the depths of despair, but he always reacted against the most serious disasters, overcame the worst fits of despondency and was ready to renew the combat. He was also a clever, though perhaps not always an honest diplomat. This hapless king was truly the idol of his people because of his pride as a ruler, his earnest defence of the dignity of the empire and his benevolent care for the peace of the empire and the welfare of the common people.

Henry had no sooner become independent than he reverted to the principles that governed the policy of Conrad II. He also founded his military power on the ministerials, the lower nobility. These ministerials were to counterbalance the power of the spiritual and temporal princes, the latter of whom, however, were beginning to achieve territorial independence and to establish within the State a power that could not be overestimated. With his usual hopefulness Henry expected to be able to crush them: he believed that he could at least revive the power of Conrad II. Henry's strong hand first made itself felt in Bavaria. Otto von Northeim lost his duchy and important possessions in Saxony besides. The king bestowed the duchy on Guelph IV, son of Azzo of Este. We now see at once how well considered was Henry's policy; for from the Saxon lands of Otto von Northeim he sought to create a well rounded personal domain which was to provide an economic basis for his royal power. This personal domain he sought to protect by means of royal fortresses. But to the ever restless Saxons, whose ancient rights the king had indubitably violated in the consolidation of his landed possessions, these fortresses might well appear so many threats to their liberties. Soon, not only in Saxony, but elsewhere throughout the empire, the particularist princes rose to oppose the vigorous centralizing policy of the emperor. The situation assumed a dangerous aspect. Henry's diplomatic skill was now shown. Through the mediation of the spiritual princes the Treaty of Gerstungen (1074) was effected, by which, on the one hand, the king's possessions were left intact, while, on the other, the insurgents secured the dismantling of the royal fortresses and the restoration of all their rights. But soon the revolt broke out anew and was not subdued until Henry's victory at the Unstrut (1075), which resulted in the overthrow of Saxony. Henry seemed to have attained all his desires. In truth, however, the particularist forces had only withdrawn for the moment and were awaiting a favourable opportunity to break the chains which fettered their independence. The opportunity soon came.

In 1073 Hildebrand had ascended the papal throne as Gregory VII. The "greatest ecclesiastical statesman", as von Ranke calls him, directed his attacks against the traditional right of the German kings to participate in the filling of vacant sees. At the Lenten synod of 1075 in Rome he forbade investiture by laymen. The bishops were to cease being dependents of the Crown and become materially the dependents of the papacy. That foreboded a death-blow to the existing constitution of the empire. The bishops of the empire were also the most important officials of the empire: the imperial church domains were also the chief source of income of the emperor. It was a question of life and death for the German Crown to retain its ancient influence over the bishops. A bitter conflict between the two powers began. A synod at Worms (1076) deposed Gregory. Bishops and king again found their interests threatened by the papacy. Gregory's answer to Henry's action was to excommunicate him at the Lenten synod of the same year. For the particularist powers this was the signal of revolt. At Tribur Henry's opponents formed an alliance. Here the final decision in Henry's case was left to the pope, and a resolution was passed that if Henry were not freed from excommunication within a year he should forfeit the empire. At this critical juncture, Henry decided on a surprising step. He submitted himself to solemn ecclesiastical penance and thus forced Gregory as a priest to free him from excommunication (1077).

By doing so Gregory in no wise gave up his design of making himself the arbiter of Germany. In Gregory's opinion Henry's penance could only postpone but not prevent this arbitration. Henry was satisfied once more to set his feet on solid ground. But the German princes now broke out into open revolution. They set Rudolph of Rheinfelden up as a rival king. With his difficulties, however, Henry's ability grew more apparent. He had recourse to his superior resources as a diplomatist. In his struggle with the pope, who took the side of the German princes, he made use of the opposition within the Church in Italy against the hierarchical aims of the Curia; in his dispute with the princes and their rival king Henry looked for support to the loyalty of the masses, who honoured him as the preserver of order and peace. After several years of civil war, Rudolph lost his throne and his life at Mölsen in 1080. By his death the opposition in Germany lost their leader. In Italy also affairs took a more favourable turn for Henry. It is true that in 1080 the pope had excommunicated Henry anew, but the ban did not make the same impression as before. Henry retorted by setting up Guibert of Ravenna, who proclaimed himself antipope under the title of Clement III. The growing opposition within the Church aided Henry on his journey to Rome in 1081. From 1081 to 1084 he went four times to the Eternal City. Finally his antipope was able to crown him in St. Peter's. Soon after the pope was liberated by his Norman allies and escorted to Salerno, where he died, 25 May, 1085.

The struggle was continued under Gregory's second successor, Urban II, who was determined to follow in Gregory's footsteps. Germany was suffering from the horrors of civil war, and the great masses of of the people still supported their king, who in 1085 proclaimed the Truce of God for the whole empire. By means of skilful negotiation he now succeeded in winning over the greater part of the Saxons, to whom he restored their ancient rights. On the other hand the ranks of the bishops loyal to the king had been thinned out by the clever and energetic policy of the pope. Moreover a new and dangerous coalition was formed in Italy when the seventeen-year old Guelph married Matilda of Tuscany who had reached the age of forty. Henry's efforts to break up this alliance were successful at first; but at this point his son Conrad deserted him. The latter had himself crowned in Milan and formed alliances with the pope and with the Guelph-Tuscan party. This had a paralysing effect on the emperor, who passed the year 1094 inactive in Italy, while the pope became the leader of the West, in the First Crusade. Fortunately for Henry's interests the younger Guelph now dissolved his marriage with Matilda, and the elder Guelph made his peace with the king once more. The latter was now able to return to Germany and compel his enemies to recognize him. His son Henry was elected king in 1098.

Henry sought to restore order once more, even to the point of proclaiming general peace throughout the empire (1103). This policy of pacification benefited the great mass of the people and the rapidly growing cities and was directed against the disorderly lay nobility. Perhaps this may have induced the newly chosen young king to take up arms in rebellion against his father. Perhaps he wished to make sure of the sympathies of this nobility. At all events the younger Henry gathered a host of malcontents around his banner in Bavaria in 1104. Supported by the pope, to whom he swore obedience, he betook himself to Saxony, where he soon reawakened the traditional dissatisfaction. No humiliation was spared the prematurely aging emperor, who was kept prisoner in Böckelheim by his intriguing son and compelled to abdicate, while only those elements on whom he had always relied, particularly the growing cities, stood by him. Once more the emperor succeeded in gathering troops around his standard at Liège. But just as his son was drawing near at the head of an army Henry died. After some opposition his adherents buried him in Speyer. In him perished a man of great importance on whom, however, fortune frowned. Still his achievements considered from the point of view of their historical importance, were by no means insignificant. As defender of the rights of the Crown and of the honour of the empire, he saved the monarchy from a premature end, menaced though it was by the universal disorder.

See also bibliographies under HENRY III, GREGORY VII, URBAN II, and INVESTITURES, CONFLICT OF; MEYER VON KNONAU, Jahrbächer des Deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V., I-V (Leipzig, 1890-1904); DIECKMANN, Heinrich IV., seine Persönlichkeit und sein Zeitalter (Wiesbaden, 1889); ECKERLIN, Das Deutsche Reich während der Minderj*hrigkeit Heinrich IV. bis zum Tage von Kaiserswert (Halle Dissertation, 1888); SEIPOLDY, Das Reichsregiment in Deutschland unter König Heinrich IV. 1062-66 (Göttingen Dissertation, 1871); FRIEDRICH, Studien aus Wormser Synode (Greifswald Dissertation, 1905) : the most important literature issued during this period is collected in the Libelli de lite in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica.

FRANZ KAMPERS
Transcribed by Gerald Rossi

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII