Posted on 09/10/2002 9:47:36 AM PDT by Korth
On Sept. 11 last year, up to 1 million people were evacuated from Lower Manhattan by water ''in an emergent network of private and publicly owned watercraft--a previously unplanned activity.'' It was an American Dunkirk, like the epic rescue of the British army at Dunkirk in 1940 by an armada of similar craft.
Yet you most likely never saw this astonishing event, reported last month by Professor Kathleen Tierney at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, on television and never read about it in the print media. It would have made for spectacular TV imagery; yet, as an example of calm and sensible and spontaneous action, it did not fit the media image of panic, an image that will doubtless be re-enacted next week.
Tierney, director of the Disaster Research Center at the University of Delaware, argued that the reaction of people at the World Trade Center was what one might have expected from the research literature of the last 50 years on behavior in disaster situations. ''Social bonds remained intact and the sense of responsibility to others--family members, friends, fellow workers, neighbors and even total strangers remains strong. . . . People sought information from one another, made inquiries and spoke with loved ones via cell phones, engaged in collective decision-making and helped one another to safety. When the towers were evacuated, the evacuation was carried out in a calm and orderly manner.''
There is growing research literature that Tierney cites that leaves little doubt about this description. (See also Lee Clarke's article in the current issue of the new sociological journal Contexts.) Many will not believe that the scenario could possibly be true. Doesn't everyone know that there is panic in disaster situations? Don't people become frightened, selfish and flee in headlong panic?
The answer is no, they don't. The proof that this was not true on Sept. 11 is to be found in the fact that 90 percent of the people in the World Trade Center escaped--which would have been impossible had people panicked. Most people are cool under such pressure. Their old social networks do not dissolve, and new social networks emerge. The paradigm of humankind as a mob simply isn't true. We are social animals, and even when terribly frightened we remain social animals.
Note that most of the positive social behavior that saved so many lives was not organized by any formal agency, much less by any command-and-control mechanism. People saved themselves. Other people converged from all over the city to help. As Tierney says, ''The response to the Sept. 11 tragedy was so effective precisely because it was not centrally directed and controlled. Instead it was flexible, adaptive and focused on handling problems as they emerged.''
In some sense, Sept. 11 was a victory over the terrorists. Socially responsible free Americans prevented the loss from being much worse. Yet, the response of the planning agencies has been to establish more and more elaborate command-and-control structures, which will force a population that is not about to panic into panic behavior.
Says Tierney: ''When Sept. 11 demonstrated the enormous resilience in our civil society, why is disaster response now being characterized in militaristic terms?''
Perhaps because those who are determined to control everything don't understand that even in military situations, it's the second lieutenants and the sergeants who win battles, as, for example, in the Omaha Beach chaos at Normandy.
Generals sitting in faraway bunkers cannot control battles. Neither can bureaucrats far from the scene of tragedy, no matter how elaborate their plans.
The media got the story all wrong because the panic paradigm is still pervasive and because no one in the media had read the disaster-research literature. They thus reinforced the propensity of those running the country not to trust the good sense and social concern of ordinary folk. Rather, they want to control everything with such ditsy ideas as the proposed Homeland Security Department. That plan would take union and civil service protections away from government workers and accomplish little else.
You can count on it: In the orgy of self-pity in which the media will engage next week, no one will pay any attention to why there was no panic in the evacuation, much less to the American Dunkirk at the lower end of Manhattan. Nor will anyone argue that the only kind of formal plan that will work in similar situations is one that is sensitive to and ready to integrate with the powerful social propensity of the human species.
Yet, the response of the planning agencies has been to establish more and more elaborate command-and-control structures, which will force a population that is not about to panic into panic behavior.
It’s always their response, because what they don’t control, they don’t get paid for.
The same response was evident when the federal government insinuated itself after the attack into the realm of "charity." (I use the term loosely, because charity usually means giving of your own money.)
Now that the fed has set the standard of multi-million dollar payouts to victims of a disaster, nobody will see the benefit of giving money to charities in response to such events.
That lack of charitable giving, that they precipitated, will be cited by the government as the need to increase federal spending in response.
The pie’s never considered good enough, if the government can’t get their fingers into it.
Great article.
This very same paradigm is still at work in the way the media cover the drop in air travel since 9/11. The media covers the story from the angle of people being "afraid to fly." They do this partly out of laziness - it's very easy to go out to the local aeropuerto and get people saying things about fear - and partly because of the "panic paradigm." The media loves panic.
As for the laziness of the media, that's another story. How do you cover people who don't fly because they refuse to put up with all the phony feel-good airport security BS? Where can you find these people? You certainly cannot go out to the aeropuerto with a camera crew and tape people who aren't there. So where DO you find them?
Answer: the media pretends they don't exist OR they go to a travel agent who might say a word or two. But the problemo with this is that people who refuse to put up with the airport security BS DON'T CALL their travel agents - they just get in their cars and DRIVE. How does the media find THEM? Set up a roadblock and keep interviewing motorists until they find someone who is driving instead of flying? No, of course not. They just call the Triple-A, who has only vague statistics about gas prices and "miles driven" to spout.
So the real story goes unreported and the false story prevails - first, because it's in The Terror Template, and secondly because it's easier to get that story than the truth.
Michael
I agree the "Homeland Security Department" is a bit of a ditsy idea in some ways...however, some folks seem to need that sort of thing, like "color-coded alerts", and I do think there's a real need to co-ordinate various agencies to facilitate communication and hopefully pare back on the beaurocratic "work force" needed.
Otherwise than that, this is a most excellent article, and a true "testimonial" to the resourcefulness, bravery, and inherent goodness of our fellow Americans...thanks for posting it!
I have also not seen much coverage of the Transit Authority, which shut down the subway stations in lower Manhattan within minutes of when the first plane struck, and managed to reroute all the trains heading downtown.
That could be part of the reason for charitable giving dropping, but the use of 9/11 by the Red Cross as a method of raising funds for other things, along with the telethon where contributions intended for 9/11 families were given to the Million Mom March and Handgun Control Inc. left a bad taste in a lot of people's mouths.
I believe this is the underlying mindset of those (like the President) who are against arming airline pilots.
But the Salvation Army is still OK in my book. And everybody's better than the Federal Goverment, whose solicitations for "donations" are enforced under the threat of imprisonment for non-compliance.
I do take offense to this statement. We are not animals, we are distinctly different from animals. We have a conscience. This would explain why people put their own lives at risk to save another. Not because I need someone "socially" but because I consider their life worth saving.
Bad choice of words. The point of the article is that every human instinct says do just what they did.
I think they did a stellar job and went largely unnoticed. It must have been incredibly hard to land the boats in all the the chop that was being created by all the other boats. One of the trade magazines had a great picture of people being evacuated by tugboat. Any port in a storm.
Thanks to all the captains and crews and those who refueled the boats for their good and brave efforts.
Do you not find it rather odd, then....
That the FBI and CIA are not included?
The point of the article is that people spontaneously organize and help each other. Not many people were in serious danger after the towers fell, but many who were in a position to choose between helping or taking the day off early, chose to help.
My son was halfway to work at 9:00 am on 9/11 -- between 34th street and Wall street. He did leave Manhattan (on foot) but not before locating his girlfriend and going back to his apartment for the cat. Fear and even panic do not always play out the way Hollywood films it.
You go to the destination and ask the people how they got there and why. Go to Disneyland or the Grand Canyon and talk to the people who still travel. Or simpler, call the reservationists at Disney and ask them what people are saying about their travel plans. Or call the corporate internal reservationists to see how their clients feel.
But you are right. That takes work and effort and doesn't always tell the story you want to tell.
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