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The FReeper Foxhole Remembers The Battle of 73 EASTING - 1991 - Mar. 10th, 2003
http://www.ciar.org/~ttk/mbt/mbt/mbt.at-desert-storm.bourque.ht ^ | Stephen A. Bourque

Posted on 03/10/2003 5:34:25 AM PST by SAMWolf

U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

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THE BATTLE OF 73 EASTING
(SOUTH) LEFT FLANK


The Tawakalna Mechanized Division of the Republican Guard Forces Command was positioned about 25 miles west of the Kuwait border, located exactly in the center of the US 7th Corps' sector, The Tawakalna was probably the best division in the Iraqi Army. It had fought with distinction during the war with Iran and was one of the lead divisions in Saddam Husayn's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. Its two mechanized brigades and one armored brigade were equipped with the most advanced equipment available in the Iraqi Army, including 220 T-72 tanks and 278 infantry fighting vehicles. On 25 February it had moved into a blocking position west of the Iraq Petroleum Saudi Arabia (IPSA) pipeline about 80 miles from Kuwait city. In spite of the air campaign, most of this division was in position and ready to fight when the US 7th Corps arrived on 26 February 1991.



The main battle began on the Tawakalna's (18th Mechanized Brigade's sector) left flank. At 3:30 pm on 26 February 1991, the US 2nd Squadron of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment arrived at the edge of the Tawakalna's operation zone and destroyed three T-72 tanks. A few moments later it ran right into a battalion strong point of the 18th Iraqi Mechanized Brigade. Strong points consisted of dug in vehicle and soldier fighting positions, wire, mines and prepared fields of fire. In most cases the Iraqi units were in the right place, but had not developed their positions as well as they should have. In what was later known as the Battle of 73 Easting, the 2nd Squadron attacked. It was a short, but violent battle. Iraqi vehicles exploded as 120mm rounds found their marks. US scout platoons followed the M1 tanks providing "scratching fires" to protect the US tanks from the Iraqi infantry. Just as the 2nd Squadron arrived at the rear of the battalion strong point the Iraqis launched a counterattack. While brave, it was ineffective. In 23 minutes one troop from the US squadron destroyed over half of the Iraqi battalion.

The 3rd Squadron moved just to the south of the 2nd Squadron and attacked the southern portion of the same Iraqi strong point at about 3:30 pm. At 4:45 pm, the Iraqis launched a counter-attack against the US 3rd Squadron with a T-72 tank company. At 2,500 meters, they fired at the Bradley cavalry fighting vehicles. The range was too great and their rounds struck the earth just short of their intended targets. They were unable to get many more rounds off as M1 tanks bounded forward and, at about 2,100 meters, destroyed most of the Iraqi T-72 tanks.



The US attack must have surprised the Iraqi battalion. The Iraqi crews were out of their tanks and infantry fighting vehicles because of the danger of air attacks, although the division commander must have had an idea that he was about to be attacked by a large force because his forward security forces and, one would hope, the Iraqi High Command or Republican Guard Forces Command headquarters would have given him warning. The word, however, did not find its way down to the front-line battalions and, especially, the individual tank and fighting vehicle crews, since no one ordered the Tawakalna battalion to prepare for immediate battle. At best, the Americans' attack speed was faster than the Tawakalna Division's orders process. At worst, no one on the Iraqi staff thought of telling the front-line units to prepare. The US attacked so violently that the Iraqis never had time to get back into their vehicles. The Iraqi battalion, also, did not prepare its positions very well: obstacles were obviously not complete, and it had emplaced only a few of its mines. Based on their experience in the Iran War, Iraqi defensive positions have lots of mines, barbed wire and other obstacles to stop the attacker. They dig in their vehicles deep into the ground, with just the turrets exposed so the guns can acquire targets. Unfortunately, the Tawakalna Division was only able to develop partially its defenses. The reasons may be lack of time, the effect of coalition jet aircraft flying overhead, and/or lack of materials (such as mines or wire).

Franks' orders to Colonel Don Holder, the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment commander, were to avoid a decisive engagement. Holder's troops had successfully destroyed one Iraqi battalion strong point, but there were still at least six or seven more battalions waiting for the US regiment, which did not have the combat power to break through the Tawakalna's defenses. Holder, therefore ordered his squadrons to hold at their current positions and prepare to pass the 1st Infantry Division, which had moved behind the Regiment, forward.

The fight in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment's sector, however, was not yet over. Around 6 pm on 26 February, the character of the battle changed as dismounted Iraqi infantry, T-55 tanks and MT-LBs began a series of attacks on 2nd Squadron's positions along the 73 Easting. Iraqi infantry, believing that darkness and poor visibility would protect them, charged towards the US troopers firing their AK assault rifles and RPG anti-tank rockets. The US 2nd Squadron's defensive firepower, however, stopped the Iraqi attacks. US TOW anti-tank missiles destroyed several trucks loaded with Iraqi soldiers. M1 tanks demolished T-55 and T-72 tanks long before they got within their own firing range. The squadron's mortar sections began firing airbursts at the Iraqi infantry causing them either to retreat or dig in. In several hours of combat, the US squadron knocked out at least two companies of Iraqi tanks. Hundreds of Iraqi infantry and their lightly armored transporters lay scattered on the floor of a small wadi, or dry stream bed, nearby.



Shortly before 10:30 pm, it was suddenly quiet across the thirty kilometers in front of the Iraqi 18th Mechanized and 37th Armored Brigades. The 2nd US Armored Cavalry Regiment held its fire as the 1st Infantry Division began its forward passage of lines. Passage lanes are clearly marked routes that the moving unit uses to pass through the stationary unit. These routes may be marked by variouus means, including pyrotechnics, reflective or white tape, and even simple road signs. In most cases, the entry and exit of the lane is manned by members of both the moving and stationary unit to minimize confusion. Because the attack had stopped, the Tawakalna commander probably thought he had stopped the American advance on his left flank. Nothing, however could have been further from the truth. Just as the soldiers of the 2nd Squadron were defending against the Iraqi counter-attacks, the 1st Infantry Division began its final move towards the 73 Easting. American scouts on the forward line fired green star clusters to mark the exact passage lanes. Then, past tired 2nd US Cavalry soldiers and burning Iraqi T-72 tanks, the 1st US Infantry Division resumed the attack.

Now, instead of three armored cavalry squadrons, the 18th and 37th Iraqi Armored Brigades faced six heavy battalions of American tanks and infantry fighting vehicles and another six battalions of 155mm field artillery. The Iraqis, however, did not run. Instead, they manned their vehicles and weapons systems against the US forces. In the 1st US Brigade sector all of the battalions used a single passage lane. Each unit had its own area of operations to keep it from becoming confused with other units and to ensure that each unit achieved the command's common objective. Since these were only imaginary lines on the ground, units often strayed into adjacent sectors. The first battalion (1-34 Armor) that passed through the passage lane ran into a battalion from the Iraqi 18th Mechanized Brigade, and Iraqi gunners were able to indentify two American vehicles and destroy them, killing one soldier and wounding five others. The American commander pulled his scouts back and moved his tank companies forward. The second American battalion (Task Force 2-34 Armor) that passed through the passage lane became momentarily lost because it was dark and the combat equipment (in spite of rumors about super technology) did not have a compass or directional aid built into the vehicle. And the third (Task Force 5-16 Infantry) was not yet through the passage lane.



In the south, the 1st Infantry Division's 3rd Brigade moved through three separate passage lanes, where each battalion almost immediately made contact with the Iraqi defenders and both sides started shooting at each other. The primary fighting force in this sector were two battalions of the 37th Iraqi Armored Brigade, defending the left flank of the Tawakalna. The assault of the 3rd US Brigade also caught many Iraqi tank crews on the ground in their shelters, probably hiding from American air and artillery attacks. Because they had not turned on their engines and were not, therefore, generating heat, the tanks did not show up on the American's vehicle-mounted thermal sights. In many instances, American vehicles simply drove past the Iraqi positions. For the next few hours, bypassed Iraqi RPG equipped anti-tank teams and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles, only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces.

As Iraqi RPG teams and T-55 tanks maneuvered to shoot the Americans in their vulnerable rear, some M1 and Bradley turrets swung back to engage their attackers. Responding to apparent enemy fire, friendly crews returned fire. When the confusing mélée was over, the 1st Division tanks discovered that they had destroyed five of their own M1 tanks and four Bradleys. Six brigade soldiers perished in these attacks and thirty others were wounded. Rather than "press the attack" as those at Central Command (General Norman Schwarzkopf's headquarters) were demanding, the brigade commander, Colonel David Weisman, decided to pull the battalions back, consolidate, and use his artillery to destroy the aggressive Iraqi infantry.



The Iraqis had stopped the 1st Infantry Division's initial push into their sector; but not for long. By 12:30 am on 27 February, the two attacking brigades of the 1st Infantry Division were positioned along the 75 Easting, 2,000 meters east of 73 Easting. For the next three hours they methodically crossed the remaining ten kilometers of their objective, called Objective Norfolk. The area encompassed the intersection of the IPSA Pipeline Road and several desert trails, as well as a large Iraqi supply depot. As they slowly advanced, M1 tank commanders acquired the thermal images of the Iraqi tanks, or infantry fighting vehicles, long before they were themselves spotted by the Iraqis. Platoon leaders, team commanders, and even battalion commanders issued unit-wide fire commands, causing the entire command to fire at Iraqi targets simultaneously. By dawn, the 1st US Infantry Division controlled Objective Norfolk. The combined attack of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment's three squadrons and the Big Red One's two leading brigades had destroyed the two Iraqi brigades (18th Mechanized Brigade and 37th Armored Brigade) on the Tawakalna's left flank. Simultaneously with the fighting in the southern portion of its sector, the Tawakalna Division was under assault in the center of its line.



TOPICS: VetsCoR
KEYWORDS: 73easting; freeperfoxhole; gulfwar; iraq; kuwait; republicanguard; veterans
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To: SAMWolf
During annual training there is nothing funnier than witnessing a blue on blue engagement when they had the opfor between them somehow disappear...

During actual combat there is nothing more frustrating, senseless, and demoralizing than a blue on blue incident.

Not much can be done for it, unfortunately, except more training and expecting the worst.
41 posted on 03/10/2003 11:04:50 AM PST by Darksheare (<===The modern day French all have grandfathers that said "Frauleine" to their grandmothers.)
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To: Pippin
Howdy Ms Pippin. You caught me just before I have to bug out of the Foxhole and hit the books. Good to see you!
42 posted on 03/10/2003 11:05:02 AM PST by Jen (Rally for America - March 22-23 --- Support our Troops * Stand up to Terrorists * Liberate Iraq)
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To: AntiJen
Never watched any of the Survivor shows.
43 posted on 03/10/2003 11:12:34 AM PST by SAMWolf (The French are cordially invited to come to Wisconsin and smell our dairy air)
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To: Pippin
Hi Pippin!
44 posted on 03/10/2003 11:14:12 AM PST by SAMWolf (The French are cordially invited to come to Wisconsin and smell our dairy air)
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To: SAMWolf
The Republican Guard did put up a real fight. It's too bad that the reminder of the Iraqi mechanized forces got away to Basra. As you say, the RG will probably fight even harder this time because all their priviledges come from Saddam, and now the object is getting rid of Saddam and his tribe.
45 posted on 03/10/2003 11:19:22 AM PST by xJones
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To: SAMWolf; cavtrooper21
PING for the 2/1 Cav! Scouts Out!
Tnx, Cav!
46 posted on 03/10/2003 12:09:54 PM PST by Vic3O3 (Texan-to-be...at least there's CCW!)
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To: SAMWolf

47 posted on 03/10/2003 12:21:54 PM PST by JustPiper (US before UN- Un'move'ick is right)
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To the honorable United States Military Personnel who might read this thread today, be it known to you, both retired and actively engaged fellow citizens of America, we the people are with you. We support you. Let none of the naysaying so well publicized by the servile media trouble you. Our voices are not posted on television and in the print media, but we do support you. We know well that without your professional efforts, American children could be learning German, Japanese, or Russian as the language they would be commanded to speak, or forced to bow toward Mecca daily. That we have a choice is the blessing directly received by your brave work against the forces of evil. May God bless your efforts and keep you to return home, in defense of this nation so blessed under God.
48 posted on 03/10/2003 12:22:03 PM PST by MHGinTN (If you can read this, you've had life support from someone. Promote Life Support for others.)
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To: SAMWolf
I was with 502nd MI, 3rd Squadron, Lighting Troop during the ground campaign. A big Toujours Prets for any cav troopers out there!
49 posted on 03/10/2003 1:49:37 PM PST by ishmac
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To: ishmac
BTW, does anyone know how many stars L.D. Holder has now? Col. Holder was the embodiment of a soldier and a warrior. Hope he's involved in the coming war--our boys will be in good hands
50 posted on 03/10/2003 1:54:20 PM PST by ishmac
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To: ishmac
Last rank I can find for him is Lt. General.
51 posted on 03/10/2003 1:59:03 PM PST by SAMWolf (The French are cordially invited to come to Wisconsin and smell our dairy air)
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To: SAMWolf

Today's classic warship, USS Aloha (SP-317)

Aloha class steam yacht
Displacement. 659 t.
Lenght. 218'
Beam. 35'6"Draft. 18'
Complement. 86
Armament. 2 4", 2 3"

Aloha, a bark-rigged steam yacht, was built in 1910 at Quincy, Massachusetts. She cruised extensively in northern European and Mediterranean waters until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 put an end to such pleasurable activities. When the United States entered the conflict in April 1917 she was leased to the U.S. Navy, which placed her in commission as USS Aloha (SP-317). She was commissioned on 5 June 1917, Lieutenant H. R. Swift, USNRF, in command.

She served for the rest of the war as flagship to the Inspector of Naval Districts, East Coast, Rear Admiral Cameron Winslow, supporting his extensive travels as he carried out his mission of ensuring the effectiveness of the Navy's shore facilities from Louisiana to New England.

USS Aloha was decommissioned in late January 1919 and returned to her owner. She voyaged around the World in 1921-1922 and visited Europe and the Mediterranean several times during 1925-1930. Following nearly three decades of peacetime pleasure cruising and wartime inspection duty, Aloha was scrapped in 1938.

52 posted on 03/10/2003 2:53:33 PM PST by aomagrat (IYAOYAS)
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To: aomagrat
I find it amazing that the US Navy was using a steam yacht in WWI.
53 posted on 03/10/2003 3:13:34 PM PST by SAMWolf (The French are cordially invited to come to Wisconsin and smell our dairy air)
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To: AntiJen
bump
54 posted on 03/10/2003 5:30:46 PM PST by TheRedSoxWinThePennant
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To: ishmac

The 65th Colonel of the Regiment L.D. Holder
55 posted on 03/10/2003 6:19:13 PM PST by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: PhilDragoo
Evening PhilDragoo.


56 posted on 03/10/2003 6:20:35 PM PST by SAMWolf (The French are cordially invited to come to Wisconsin and smell our dairy air)
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To: ishmac
RSOI - Its Purpose, Definition, and Challenges

"Today's leaders and planners must understand Reception, Staging, Onward movement, and Integration (RSOI) as a part of deployment and employment. Contingency offensives will differ substantially. They will tend toward bare sufficiency because the Army will be smaller and have fewer "troops available." The need for speed and size constraints of strategic deployments will also affect the nature of force-projection offensives. RSOI will continue directly into the offensive in many cases. Commanders of attacking forces will, therefore, have to make hard decisions of timing and will be forced to weigh greater risks than those faced by the commanders of larger forward-deployed forces. Among those are the risks of attacking too soon before the full potential of the deploying force is developed and of waiting too long, thus allowing the original aggressor to solidify his defense. The bold, decisive, risktakers, idealized by Army doctrine, will have to get even bolder (wiser, too, in all likelihood) to effectively build and track combat power."

--LTG L. D. Holder, former Commander,

Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth

57 posted on 03/10/2003 6:25:31 PM PST by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: SAMWolf
Apres Baghdad, Paris.


58 posted on 03/10/2003 6:28:36 PM PST by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: SAMWolf

Veto this, eh?
59 posted on 03/10/2003 6:40:14 PM PST by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: SAMWolf
Odd, how history repeats it's self.

5.56mm

60 posted on 03/10/2003 6:45:07 PM PST by M Kehoe
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