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An amputee missing both legs was arrested Thursday after police said he was wheeled into a busy New York City train station and planted a bomb. Police found the bomb before it could detonate, but the discovery interrupted regional train lines briefly and closed the station for several hours. The alleged device—a bag of small explosives wrapped in shotgun shells, along with bullets, glue, lug nuts, pens and a ruler—was left in a waiting area at a station in Harlem. Police later surveyed security videos to identify suspects including, Roosevelt Terry, the amputee. Police from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which...

When Patrick Morrison left hospital after having his right foot amputated, he thought the sense of imbalance he felt would vanish once he got used to his newly fitted artificial foot. But it was not until five months later, when he took off the protective socks, that he realised he had been given two left feet. A prosthetic limb specialist had fitted an artificial left foot to his right leg - and failed to spot his mistake during two further check-ups. The foot was also too big - made to fit a size nine shoe rather than a size eight.

Thought this definitely deserved a mention - the U.S. Army is looking at using virtual worlds to provide social therapy and smooth the adjustment process for amputee soldiers. If it helps them build a community and adjust to their new environment, I say it's worth it.

TAU's man/machine interface is essential link in groundbreaking prosthetic handIn one sense, our hands define our humanity. Our opposable thumbs and our hands' unique structure allow us to write, paint, and play the piano. Those who lose their hands as a result of accident, conflict or disease often feel they've lost more than mere utility. A new invention from Tel Aviv University researchers may change that. Prof. Yosi Shacham-Diamand of TAU's Department of Engineering, working with a team of European Union scientists, has successfully wired a state-of-the-art artificial hand to existing nerve endings in the stump of a severed arm....

Most people who lose a leg dream of walking again. For adaptive athlete Jarem Frye, the inventor of a spring-loaded prosthetic knee transforming the lives of amputees, that wasn't nearly enough. He wanted to fly. Jarem Frye at his office in Mcminnville, Oregon (Photograph by Annie Marie Musselman) WHAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE a military propaganda video showing footage of U.S. Marines on patrol—protecting an Iraqi neighborhood from insurgents—now lives on the Internet, where you can see Garrett Jones's last steps as a whole-bodied man. The 15-second clip, shot in July 2007 in the city of Karmah, is poor in...

CHULA VISTA, Calif., July 22, 2009 – Army Sgt. Jerrod Fields hasn’t just learned to adapt as an amputee since hitting a roadside bomb in Iraq. He is on his way to becoming a record-holding sprinter. Army Sgt. Jerrod Fields, an Army World Class Athlete Program sprinter and Paralympic hopeful, works out at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, Calif. A below-the-knee amputee, Fields won a gold medal in the 100 meters with a time of 12.15 seconds at the Endeavor Games in Edmond, Okla., on June 13, 2009. U.S. Army photo by Tim Hipps  (Click photo for screen-resolution...

DAVIE, Fla. — When the sharp pain shooting through Lisa Strong's back got worse, she thought it was another kidney stone and expected the discomfort to pass. This time was different. Through a series of mistakes, miscommunications and misdiagnoses, she wound up having her arms and legs amputated. She sued the doctors, who essentially blamed one another for what everyone involved agrees were profound errors. Everyone except the jury that ruled against Strong.

3/27/2009 - BAGRAM AIRFIELD, Afghanistan (AFNS) -- What sets Maj. Alan Brown apart from other Airmen in the gym at Bagram Airfield's Camp Cunningham isn't his workout routine, it's his right leg. "When people see me in shorts at the gym there's definitely a pattern," said the 42-year-old mobility pilot of Pine Bluffs, Wyo. "They glance at my eyes, look down at my leg and then look back at my eyes," said the Wyoming Air National Guard Airmen deployed with the 774th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. "It happens every time." Major Brown accidentally shot his leg in a hunting accident more...

FORT BRAGG, N.C., March 5, 2009 – A roadside bomb in Afghanistan cost Army Sgt. 1st Class John “Mike” Fairfax his right leg, but it didn’t take away his spirit. Army Sgt. 1st Class Mike Fairfax, left, a Special Forces intelligence sergeant with Operations Detachment, 3rd Special Forces Group, inspects a soldier's parachute aboard an aircraft over a drop zone above Raeford, N.C. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. 1st Class Jason B. Baker  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available. In November, Fairfax -- a Special Forces intelligence noncommissioned officer assigned to Headquarters Support Company, 3rd Special Forces Group --...

A New Zealand double amputee never expected a response when she sent a note to a special effects company asking if they would create a mermaid tail to help her swim. Two years later, her dream came true.Nadya Vessey, who lost both her legs to an illness during her childhood, sent an e-mail to the Weta Workshop prosthetics department. Weta is best known for their special effects work in the "Lord of the Rings" series, and the 2005 remake of "King Kong."

WASHINGTON, Feb. 26, 2009 – The U.S. Army Warrant Officer School soon will welcome a new accession of warrant officers this spring, and one will bring with him a new perspective to the Army officer corps. Staff Sgt. Jonathan Holsey is the first amputee accepted into the U.S. Army Warrant Officer School. Holsey, who lost his leg following a roadside bomb explosion in Iraq, is to report to the school at Fort Rucker, Ala., in April 2009. Courtesy photo  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available. Staff Sgt. Johnathan Holsey became the first amputee accepted by the Warrant Officer School...

True Valor is Priceless Written by Norman Fulkerson    Wednesday, November 12 2008 When Michael Monsoor jumped on a grenade to save the lives of three Navy Seals in September of 2006, the nation was left speechless. The Medal of Honor was presented to his grieving parents, during a White House reception, as a mournful audience looked on. There was a man in the room that day that might have seemed like just another soldier, if not for the peculiar spring in his step. His name is William “Spanky� Gibson. He had just flown in from overseas and had a...

It’s October at Duke University, in Durham, N.C., and Jonathan Kuniholm is playing “air guitar hero,” a variation on Guitar Hero, the Nintendo Wii game that lets you try to keep up with real musicians using a vaguely guitarlike controller. But the engineer is playing without a guitar. More to the point, he’s playing without his right hand, having lost it in Iraq in 2005. Instead he works the controller by contracting the muscles in his forearm, creating electrical impulses that electrodes then feed into the game. After about an hour he beats the high score set by Robert Armiger,...

FORT MONROE, Va., Dec. 29, 2008 – The blast of a roadside bomb in Iraq's Sunni Triangle resulted in the amputation of a portion of Richard Ingram's left arm, but it did not rob him of his dream of becoming an Army officer. Richard Ingram, right, takes the oath of office as a second lieutenant administered by Army 1st Lt. Robert Morris at North Georgia College and State University, Dec. 13, 2008. Photo by Kate Maine  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available. Ingram's dream became a reality Dec. 13 when he graduated from North Georgia College and State University...

She went to a Brooklyn emergency room suffering from what she thought was just a kidney stone, but a medical nightmare left her partly blind and a quadruple amputee. Tabitha Mullings claims doctors at Brooklyn Hospital Center failed to diagnose an infection that has literally eaten her alive. RELATED: BOY WITH GIANT LIMB GIVEN $200G FIXUP "Sometimes I can't believe it's me laying here," the mother of three told the Daily News Wednesday from her bed in the very hospital she blames for her ravaged body.  Wiping tears with a bandaged stump, Mullings struggled to explain how in a...

This is the first time Marine Cpl. Zachary Briseno will be in his Fort Worth, Texas, home for Thanksgiving in four and a half years since his two tours of duty in Iraq. That’s something to be thankful for. But the 23-year-old has a furrier reason for thankfulness this week. Briseno, who lost both of his legs below the knees almost a year ago in an IED attack in Fallujah, is getting a specially trained guide dog to help him in his day-to-day tasks. The dog was trained through Carolina Canines for Veterans, an adjunct program of the local nonprofit...

WASHINGTON, Nov. 12, 2008 – Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Matthew Ryan Bradford was part of a patrol to clear an area near Haditha, Iraq, of roadside bombs with the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Division, on Jan. 18, 2007. Marine Lance Cpl. Matthew Bradford goes surfing in Hawaii. He hasn't let his injuries caused by a roadside bomb near Haditha, Iraq, stop him from enjoying many of the activities he participated in before the Jan. 18, 2007, blast. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Matthew Bradford  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available. “We found it,” he said with a chuckle,...

CAMP FALLUJAH, Iraq, Oct. 31, 2008 – A noncommissioned officer who returned to Iraq nine months ago after his left leg was amputated above the knee soon will represent the Marine Corps in the halls of Congress. Marine Corps Master Sgt. William "Spanky" Gibson, force fires chief, Multinational Force West, waits to get on the aircraft that will begin his trip home. Gibson, from Pryor, Okla., accepted an invitation as one of the first three staff non-commissioned officers to become Marine Corps congressional fellows. U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Sean P. McGinty  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available....

FORT DETRICK, Md., Oct. 30, 2008 – In most ways, Army Capt. Alex Houston is like any other Army commander. Army Capt. Alex Houston, 21st Signal Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company commander, talks with soldiers at Fort Detrick, Md. Houston lost his left hand in Iraq, but continues to serve. U.S. Army photo  (Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available. He comes to work here every day ready to lead and set the standard for the soldiers who work for him. He diligently performs all of his administrative duties as the 21st Signal Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company commander, and...

Disabled soldier goes back to war in Afghanistan Six months after losing a leg, Corporal Stuart Hale has returned to the battle zone in Afghanistan   Sonia Verma at the Kandahar Airbase A British paratrooper who lost his leg to a landmine has become the first amputee to return to military service in Afghanistan, in the war zone where he was disabled. Corporal Stuart Hale arrived with the 3rd Batallion, The Parachute Regiment last month for a joint operation against the Taleban with Canadian forces in Kandahar province. It is a fight that he was forced to leave on...

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16, 2008 – When Army Sgt. Nicholas Paupore puts a mirror between his legs and looks down, he’s whole again. The right leg that was destroyed when an explosively formed penetrator ripped through his Humvee just south of Kirkuk, Iraq, suddenly reappears before his eyes, reflecting the left leg that remains. Navy Cmdr. (Dr.) Jack Tsao, associate professor of neurology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, in Bethesda, Md., encouraged Army Sgt. Nicholas Paupore, an outpatient at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, in Washington, D.C., to try mirror therapy to treat phantom pain in...

Amputee sprinter ruled ineligible for Olympics Associated Press Updated: January 14, 2008, 4:37 PM EST MONTE CARLO, Monaco (AP) - All his life, Oscar Pistorius has had to battle adversity. Competing in the Beijing Olympics is a challenge the double-amputee runner may not be able to overcome. The IAAF ruled Monday that the South African is ineligible to compete in Beijing — or any other sanctioned able-bodied competitions — because his "Cheetah" racing blades are considered "technical aids" which give him a clear competitive advantage. Pistorius finished second in the 400 meters at the South African National Championships last year...

WASHINGTON, July 16, 2007 – An admitted golf “nut,” Jack Farley said he has heard probably every handicap joke there is, having hit the green for the last four decades wearing a prosthetic right leg. Still, nobody cuts him any slack, he said. Jack Farley visits a patient at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington. Farley is a peer amputee visitor at the center. His right leg was claimed by a mortar in Vietnam nearly 40 years ago. Farley was fitted for his first prosthesis at Walter Reed and met his wife there while being treated. Photo by...

Amputee sprinter Oscar Pistorius, known as the world's "fastest man on no legs", is understandably nervous ahead of his first race abroad against able-bodied athletes, due to take place in Rome on Friday. But how he races, scientifically speaking, could be far more important than who crosses the finish line first. Scientists working for the world's sports governing body will be analysing Pistorius to see whether his carbon-fibre limbs are giving him an unfair edge that allows him to perform beyond his natural ability. Essentially, they want to know if he's cheating. And their conclusions could make or break Pistorius's...

WASHINGTON, June 20, 2007 – As today’s highly active servicemember amputees push their prosthetic devices to the limits, a lab at Walter Reed Army Medical Center here is gathering data that will help designers make the prostheses better, while enabling faster, more efficient recoveries for patients. Walter Reed Army Medical Center Gait Lab engineer Brian Baum explains how data is gathered and displayed on a computer system. Once data is collected in the computer, it can be compared to that of a non-amputee or even data from the patient’s non-amputee side, allowing better analysis by the rehabilitation team. Defense...

WASHINGTON, June 8, 2007 – Army Maj. David Rozelle walked with difficultly up the steep dirt path that cuts through the grass and away from a concrete sidewalk running along the north side of Walter Reed Army Medical Center here. Army Maj. David Rozelle talks about the future capabilities of the new Amputee Care Center at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Only a little more than a year after losing his foot to a bomb in Iraq, Rozelle stepped back in front of an armored cavalry formation as commander and led his troops again back to the same battlefield...

NEW PORT RICHEY - For about eight minutes on Tuesday, through the streets near downtown, police chased a driver who had no arms and one good leg. He got away.

Close window Published online: 28 February 2007; | doi:10.1038/news070226-8 Electric switch could turn on limb regenerationTadpoles use a proton pump to direct tissue regrowth.Heidi Ledford Tadpoles: chop off their tails and they grow back. NHPA Tadpoles can achieve something that humans may only dream of: pull off a tadpole's thick tail or a tiny developing leg, and it'll grow right back — spinal cord, muscles, blood vessels and all. Now researchers have discovered the key regulator of the electrical signal that convinces Xenopus pollywogs to regenerate amputated tails. The results, reported this week in Development, give some researchers hope...

I was six when I first became aware of my desire to lose my legs. I don't remember what started it - there was no specific trigger. Most people want to change something about themselves, and the image I have of myself has always been one without legs.

Rahm Emanuel, head of the Democrats’ House takeover effort, wants to win the Illinois 6th Congressional District more than any other seat in the House of Representatives. It is Henry Hyde’s old seat. As Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Hyde is blamed by Emanuel for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, a historical black mark that will never be erased from the history books. Emanuel worker in Clinton’s White House and lived through the agony. He really wants to wants to win one for the Bubba. As head of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, he has been in a position...

WASHINGTON, Oct. 7, 2006 -- Two Army combat veterans who both lost something dear in the war against terrorism say they are determined to keep on battling, and proving it as they prepare to run the Army 10-Miler race tomorrow. Left to right: Army Spc. James Stuck, Capt. Matthew Scherer and Spc. Joseph Keck meet the press at a Washington, D.C., suburban hotel Oct. 6. Stuck and Keck are Army combat veterans who both lost limbs in the war against terrorism. They will compete in the Missing Parts in Action team that’s competing in the Army-10-Miler race held here...

PADUCAH, Ky. - When he lost both of his legs in a roadside bomb attack in Iraq, Robbie Doughty was no longer able to serve his country on the battlefield. But if things go his way this fall, he hopes to serve his community as an elected official. Doughty is a candidate for county commissioner in western Kentucky's Marshall County. Though several Iraq veterans made headlines this year by running for Congress, a handful of others are also trying to enter public service by trying to win seats on city councils, county boards and in state legislatures. The 31-year-old Doughty...

Never waver. Carl Maxie Brashear, the Navy’s first black deep sea diver, must have uttered that mantra repeatedly as he overcame obstacle after obstacle. It steeled him when Navy officials attempted to keep him out of diving classes. It bolstered him when, after his leg was amputated, the Navy brass thought he was crazy to believe he could return as a diver. It must have been a source of pride after receiving major military awards and seeing his life portrayed in the movie, “Men of Honor.” Brashear, 75, died this week at Portsmouth Naval Medical Center, the same hospital where...

When Ants Go Marching, They Count Their Steps Bjorn Carey LiveScience Staff Writer LiveScience.com Thu Jun 29, 2:00 PM ET Ants use an internal pedometer to find their way home without getting sidetracked, a new study reports. Desert ants on foraging expeditions use celestial cues to orient themselves in the homeward direction, but with few landmarks in the barren land, scientists have wondered how the insects always take the most direct route and know exactly how far to march. The new study reveals that counting their steps is a crucial part of the scheme. Old ideas Over the years, scientists...

By JENNIFER LOVEN, Associated Press Writer WASHINGTON - President Bush took a jog Tuesday with a soldier who lost part of both legs in Iraq, following through on a bedside promise even the president had doubts about at the time. Despite a slight drizzle, Bush and Staff Sgt. Christian Bagge took a slow jog around a spongy track that circles the White House's South Lawn. About halfway through their approximately half-mile run, Bush and Bagge paused briefly for reporters. "He ran the president into the ground, I might add," Bush said, as the two gripped hands in an emotional, lengthy...

In the Washington Times this week there came a report of a climber who was left to die on the slopes of Everest. Mark Inglis, an amputee on atrificial legs, defended his group's decision to leave David Sharp, a man they found dying on the side of the mountain. "At 28,000 feet it's hard to stay alive yourself. He was in a very poor condition, near death. We talked about [what to do for him] for quite a lot at the time and it was a very hard decision," said Inglis. The group moved on, after some of the group's...

University of Utah researchers will receive up to $10.3 million to help develop a new prosthetic arm that would work, feel and look like a real arm. The Utah work is a key part of a U.S. Department of Defense contract worth up to $55 million to develop the new device for soldiers and potentially others whose arms were amputated. "Imagine an artificial arm that moves naturally in response to your thoughts, that allows you to feel both the outside world and your own movements, and that is as strong and graceful as an intact, biological limb," says bioengineer Greg...

A two-year tradition for wounded war vets is about to go by the wayside. A downtown DC steak house that’s catered to injured troops every Friday night is about to close. Fran O’Brien’s landlord is forcing out the steakhouse of the same name. “We're not feeling very good about leaving and especially the Friday night dinner,” O’Brien said. With the restaurant soon to close, so too will go a hang-out spot that troops have been able to call home while healing, if only for a few hours every week. ... In a statement from Hilton hotels, a spokesperson writes: "this...

3/8/2006 - DOVER AIR FORCE BASE, Del. (AFPN) -- In 2005, he ran the New York City Marathon and skied down the Rockies. The fact he has one leg isn’t slowing him down. Tech. Sgt. Matthew Profitt is an active sportsman -- the 38-year-old reservist plays racquetball, bobsleds, canoes, cycles and runs. But, three years ago the 512th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron guidance and control section technician wasn’t sure he’d be alive today. Deadly Diagnosis In June 2003, while activated a second year to support the war on terrorism, Sergeant Profitt said he noticed an ulcer on his right shin. “It...

Fighting to Stay Active Marines' Hearts, Warrior Spirits Help Overcome Loss of Limbs Sgt. James Wright 'Sir, I couldn't pass out. I was in charge' Spoken by then Cpl. James Wright, these simple words epitomized the fighting spirit of the Marine leader. Wright lost both of his hands during an ambush in Iraq. He refused, however, to let his wounds hinder his life as a Marine. Sgt. James Wright, who received the Bronze Star Medal with valor device from Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, salutes during the national anthem at the June 1, 2004 presentation ceremony in front of the...

FORT CAMPBELL, Ky. (Army News Service, Sept. 19, 2005) – The home “makeover” of a Soldier injured in Iraq will kick off the season premiere of ABC’s “Extreme Makeover: Home Edition” Sept. 25. In late June, the family of Master Sgt. Luis Rodriguez got a surprise visit from the cast and crew, including the popular Ty Pennington, and a new 3,225-square-foot home near Fort Campbell, Ky., specifically tailored to the Rodriguez family’s needs. Rodriguez was injured in Iraq in 2003, losing his right leg above the knee, two fingertips on his left hand and he sustained serious shrapnel wounds when...

Albany-- On July 6th at 9:15AM, the 911 center in Albany got a shocking call. Wendal Nason, Jr. needed an ambulance because he had just severed his right foot with a circular saw - intentionally. His conversation with the 911 dispatcher reveals why he did it. 911: Which foot did you cut? Nason: The right foot. Cut it clean off. 911: Oh, Jesus. How did you do it? Nason: With a Skil saw.

...Of course, his setup is different from a typical person's. A lineman for a Tennessee power company, Sullivan in 2001 grabbed a high-tension wire carrying 7,400 volts of electricity, which incinerated his arms. After the accident, Kuiken pulled out the four main nerves that used to connect to Sullivan's arms and fastened them just beneath the skin on his chest. Sullivan's prosthesis has a computer in the forearm that is wired to a mechanical hand and to a "plunger" device on his chest. The hand sends signals up the wires to the plunger, which pushes the skin. That stimulates the...

ATHENS — "I know the son of a gun's poisonous, and he's not from around here," Sheriff Mike Blakely said Wednesday about his latest prisoner. Athens animal control officer Lt. Ron Ultz grabs hold of a cobra that Limestone and state wildlife officials confiscated from an Athens home. Possession of non-indigenous poisonous snakes is illegal because of anti-venom unavailability. Blakely's officers and wildlife officials confiscated a 4- to 5-foot-long water cobra from an Athens man's home. Possessing a poisonous snake that is not native to Alabama is a misdemeanor. Blakely said someone called the sheriff's office about a resident on...

Berlin, June 15: A German court sent to a psychiatric institution a man who cut off his own penis because of the incessant sexual demands of his wife, whom he then killed with the same knife. The court in Kassel in central Germany, heard yesterday that the wife of the man, 38, an alcoholic of Ghanaian origin, was obsessed with his organ and so he sliced it off with a long bread knife and threw it at her feet. He then cut the throat of his 50-year-old wife. The severed member was found and stitched back on.

A double-leg amputee and his high-tech prosthetics are blazing a trail into able-bodied sports. Will they be welcomed? The jaw-dropping performance of a teenage sprinter from South Africa named Oscar Pistorius is raising a question once barely imaginable: can a double-leg amputee run fast enough to qualify for the able-bodied Olympic Games? And if he did, would he be allowed to compete? Oddly enough, the first question may be easier to answer: "I have no doubt that Oscar will eventually run fast enough to compete in an able-bodied world championship," says U.S. sprinter Brian Frasure. "He could be ready to...

The final item in the Sept. 30, 1944 "Activity Report of Virginia Hall," American intelligence agent, was No. XV: "Were you decorated in the Field?" "No," she had typed, "nor any reason to be." The answer was typical of her matter-of-fact sense of duty. But William J. Donovan, known to a generation of spies as "Wild Bill," begged to differ. On May 12, 1945, Maj. Gen. Donovan, director of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, informed President Harry Truman that Hall was, for her extraordinary heroism, to receive the Distinguished Service Cross -- second only to the Medal of Honor....

Soldiers who lost limbs in Iraq and Afghanistan are doing the unthinkable: Going back into battle. Army S/Sgt. Daniel Metzdorf recently traded in his high-tech prosthesis to train on an older hydraulic model that would need less maintenance in the battlefield. Army S/Sgt. Daniel Metzdorf figured his career as an infantryman was over when he lost his right leg to a roadside bomb in Iraq in January 2004. But back at Walter Reed Army Medical Hospital, Metzdorf saw other amputees ambling by on high-tech prosthetic legs and had a crazy idea: he wanted to go back into battle with the...

WASHINGTON, Feb. 22, 2005 - Like many Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, U.S. Army Capt. David Rozelle's story began in Iraq. Unlike many of those same veterans, his is set to continue there as well. Cleared to return to the same battlefield where he was injured, Rozelle said he is the first amputee in recent military history to be returned to a dangerous command. Rozelle arrived in Hit, Iraq, with the 3rd Armored Calvary Regiment from Fort Carson, Colo., in April 2003. Initially, his role in the town was as the "de facto sheriff," he said. Aside from the fact that...

A new book reveals Iraqi insurgents were paid to take out U.S. Army Capt. David Rozelle in June, 2003. In Back in Action Rozelle details the conversations he had with friendly Iraqis alerting him to the sinister plot. "Captain, there are men in town who are planning missions in our mosques, under the command of clerics here and from Ar Ramadi." Rozelle, at the time, was the de facto sheriff of the region, which included a Ba'ath Party headquarters called Hit (pronounced "heat."). "These men I do not know," continued his trusted Iraqi translator, "but they are dangerous. Some are...