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BAGHDAD - Tariq Aziz, one of Saddam Hussein's best-known lieutenants, accused the Shiite-led government of seeking revenge during a trial Tuesday over the executions of dozens of Baghdad merchants in 1992. Aziz told an Iraqi court, which resumed hearing the case against him and seven co-defendants, that he was proud of being a member of Saddam's Sunni-dominated Baath party and serving under the former dictator. But chief prosecutor Adnan Ali said Aziz and his co-defendants, who include Saddam's ailing cousin known as "Chemical Ali," were responsible for the merchants' deaths and urged the court "to issue the suitable punishment that...

A leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq has been sentenced to death for the killing of the Chaldean Catholic Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho. The archbishop of the northern city of Mosul was kidnapped in February by gunmen who attacked his car, killing his driver and two bodyguards. His body was found in a shallow grave two weeks later. The Iraqi government said the criminal court had imposed the death sentence on Ahmed Ali Ahmed, known as Abu Omar. The US embassy in Baghdad welcomed the verdict. Who are the Chaldeans? "Reiterating our condolences to the archbishop's family and community, we commend...

Iraq's former Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz is due on trial over the deaths of a group of merchants in 1992. Mr Aziz, along with seven other former members of Saddam Hussein's regime, are accused of involvement in the execution of about 40 merchants in Baghdad. The merchants were accused of hiking food prices at a time when Iraq was under international sanctions. They were executed after a speedy trial. Mr Aziz's son, Ziad, has said that his father is innocent. "My father told me personally that he had nothing to do with this case. At the time, my father...

Saddam Hussein's ally Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 'captured' in Iraq By Damien McElroy, Foreign Affairs Correspondent Last Updated: 12:57am BST 24/04/2008 American forces have captured Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party heir, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, the most wanted former regime official still at large, it has been reported. A Middle Eastern television channel said Douri, a key force in the country's devastating insurgency, had been seized in a mountain raid in Saddam's home province of Salahaddin. Most wanted: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Douri was King of Clubs in the deck of cards of most wanted Iraqis issued to American soldiers after the war. But...

Iraq approves 'Chemical Ali' hanging   Iraq’s presidency council has cleared the way for the long-delayed execution of Saddam Hussein’s cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majeed, known as “Chemical Ali,” to be carried out…The execution of Majeed, once one of the most feared men in Iraq, and two others for the genocidal Anfal campaign against Iraq’s Kurds in the 1980s has been delayed for months by a legal wrangle over who has the authority to green light the hangings… No date has been set for the execution to be carried out, they said.   The council source said no decision had been made regarding...

The long-delayed execution of "Chemical Ali", Saddam Hussein's cousin and one of his most notorious henchmen, has been approved, an Iraqi government adviser said. Ali Hassan al-Majid known as Chemical Ali Chemical Ali - whose real name is Ali Hassan al-Majid - was one of three former Saddam officials sentenced to death in June after being convicted of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity for their part in the 1988 Anfal campaign that killed nearly 200,000 Kurds. An appeals court upheld the verdict in September.

Security forces in Iraq have been placed on alert on the first anniversary of the execution of former President Saddam Hussein. His supporters are expected to gather at his power base in the city of Tikrit, and at his grave nearby. Saddam was hanged after being convicted of the killings of nearly 150 Shia Muslims in Dujail in the 1980s.

BAGHDAD — Ali Hassan Majeed, known as "Chemical Ali," is set to be executed on Tuesday for his role in the deaths of up to 180,000 Kurds, an Iraqi judge said Monday.Munir Hadad, a senior judge of the Supreme Criminal Court, said the execution could take place anytime after 5:00 a.m. local time.

BAGHDAD (AFP) — US security firm Blackwater could be tried in an Iraqi court over a shootout in a Baghdad neighbourhood which killed eight people, a top judge told AFP on Tuesday. "This company is subject to Iraqi law and the crime committed was on Iraqi territory and the Iraqi judiciary is responsible for tackling the case," said Abdul Sattar Ghafour Bairaqdar from Iraq's Supreme Judiciary Council, the country's highest court. On Monday, Iraq's interior ministry ordered the cancellation of Blackwater's operating licence after the company's guards who were escorting US officials were involved in a shootout which killed eight...

Baghdad, Sept 7, (VOI) – Three of the six defendants in the Anfal case will be executed by hanging on Saturday, a Saudi newspaper quoted the lawyer of former Iraqi deputy premier Tareq Aziz as saying. "The Iraqi Criminal Court notified Ali Hassan al-Majid, alias Chemical Ali, former defense minister Sultan Hashim and former chief of staff Hussein Rashid al-Tikriti that they will be executed tomorrow," lawyer Badie Aref Ezzat told Saudi newspaper al-Watan, published on Friday. The lawyer said he was told by the three convicts that they only wanted to meet their families before the executions. Ezzat said...

Three members of the former Iraqi regime under Saddam Hussein -- including the man known as "Chemical Ali" -- will be executed within 30 days, senior appellate Judge Munir Haddad said Tuesday. The appellate chamber upheld their sentences of death by hanging, which were imposed in June. The three defendants are Hussein's first cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majeed, nicknamed "Chemical Ali;" Sultan Hashem Ahmed, military commander of the Anfal campaign; and Hussein Rashid Mohammed, deputy general commander of the Iraqi armed force, assistant chief of staff for military operations, and former Republican Guard commander.

A WITNESS overnight accused "Chemical Ali", Saddam Hussein's most notorious hatchet man, of killing her sons by throwing them out of a helicopter during the crushing of an Iraqi Shiite rebellion. Laila Kathum, testifying in the trial of 15 Saddam aides accused of crimes against humanity over the repression of the 1991 rebellion in southern Iraq, vented her fury against Ali Hassan al-Majid, widely known as "Chemical Ali". Speaking from behind a curtain, Ms Kathum accused Saddam's army of arresting her relatives and said Majid himself had killed her two sons. "The army detained my two sons, my brother and...

OUSTED Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein defiantly refused to enter a plea yesterday at the start of his trial on charges of genocide over a brutal crackdown against Kurds that allegedly left 182000 people dead. Grey-bearded and wearing a dark business suit, Saddam sat fuming in the Iraqi High Tribunal along with six co-defendants, accused of leading the savage eight-month Anfal campaign in 1988 against Iraq’s Kurdish minority. In a rowdy first hearing, the furious 69-year-old said he was “President of the Republic of Iraq”, clashed angrily with the prosecutor over rape claims and shouted at the judge after two of...

21 August 2006 BAGHDAD - A furious Saddam Hussein warned he would ‘hunt down’ his prosecutor on Monday after being accused over the alleged mass rape of Iraqi Kurdish women during a brutal crackdown on their region. ‘If he says that a Iraqi woman was raped in my era and if he does not prove it, I will hunt him for the rest of my life,’ thundered the ousted Iraqi leader on the first day of his trial on genocide charges. ‘An Iraqi woman raped in my era? The reign of Saddam Hussein? Saddam will not accept it. If I...

Max Becherer/Polaris, for The New York Times A cemetery in Sewsenan, a Kurdish village in northern Iraq, holds the remains of nearly 70 people killed in a chemical attack by Saddam Hussein’s military forces on March 22, 1988. SEWSENAN, Iraq, Aug. 18 — When death came to this village, it had a sweet smell, like perfume. “People wanted to inhale it,” Robitan Hama Amin said. So went Mr. Amin’s memory of the first encounter between the Kurds of this mountain redoubt and Saddam Hussein’s chemical weapons. The attack came at dinnertime on March 22, 1988. Mr. Amin had just...

BAGHDAD, Iraq - A new legal chapter opens Monday for Saddam Hussein when the ousted Iraqi leader goes on trial for a second time, charged with genocide and war crimes from his scorched-earth offensive against Kurds nearly two decades ago. The case against Saddam and six co-defendants is tied to the deaths of tens of thousands of people during the Iraqi army's "Operation Anfal" — Arabic for "spoils of war" — and prosecutors are seeking the death penalty. The 1987-88 crackdown was aimed at crushing independence-minded Kurdish militias and clearing all Kurds from the northern region along the border with...

BAGHDAD • Iraq's ousted leader Saddam Hussein will return to the dock today to face genocide charges in a highly-charged case that has revived bitter memories among the country's Kurdish minority. The imprisoned strongman has been exercising and eating well in preparation for his appointment with the Iraqi High Tribunal, according to US officials, but he is not alone in awaiting the day with keen anticipation. "I am waiting patiently to see him in court so that I can quench my thirst to see him humiliated," said Kurdish villager Abdullah Mohammed, who blames Saddam for the killing of his three...

Saddam Hussein, weak from a hunger strike, said today that he has been forced to attend his trial for crimes against humanity and that he would prefer to be shot than hung if found guilty. The defence team for the former leader and seven co-accused boycotted the latest session in a controversial trial which is approaching its conclusion. Saddam (69) had been fed through a tube in a hunger strike to protest against what he sees as an unfair trial. The man who ruled Iraq with an iron fist said he would rather face a firing squad than death by...

To carry out Saddam Hussein will poke violence, according to Ramsey Clark WASHINGTON - To carry out Saddam Hussein would do nothing but poke religious violences in Iraq, declared Tuesday Ramsey Clark. This former American minister for justice is currently member of the lawyer collective of the deposed Iraqi president. "This execution would ignite a country which burns already", it has says at the time of a press conference. "I hope that the American people will realize that time always has just required the end of the executions, and it is the case here." The prosecutors of the High...

THE former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein has resigned himself to being sent to the gallows. “I am ready to die,” he told his lawyer and confidante in an interview in his Baghdad prison. “I am not scared of execution.” Saddam is expected to return to court tomorrow for the resumption of a chaotic trial on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity that has lasted almost seven months. “I do not attend this trial to spare my life,” he said. “I attend it to defend Iraq.” Saddam, who refuses all visits from his family, was talking to Bushra Khalil, a...

Tyrant tells all to woman lawyer THE former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein has resigned himself to being sent to the gallows. “I am ready to die,” he told his lawyer and confidante in an interview in his Baghdad prison. “I am not scared of execution.” Saddam is expected to return to court tomorrow for the resumption of a chaotic trial on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity that has lasted almost seven months. “I do not attend this trial to spare my life,” he said. “I attend it to defend Iraq.” Saddam, who refuses all visits from his family,...

POLL: What sentence should Saddam Hussein receive if he's convicted? Life in prison 53 votes (11%) The death penalty 400 votes (85%) Not sure 19 votes (4%)

SADDAM Hussein could be executed within months if he is found guilty of ordering the massacre of 140 people from the town of Dujail, the chief prosecutor in the former Iraqi dictator's trial has said. And the ousted Iraqi dictator, who faces 11 other charges, will not be able to cheat the hangman by dragging out legal proceedings in a series of trials. The prosecutor, Ja'afar Moussawi, said that under a law passed late last year, all death sentences must be carried out within 30 days of an appeal failing, regardless of any other charges. "Once one of the accused...

New chief judge named in Saddam Hussein trial BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Iraqi officials named Raouf Rasheed Abdel-Rahman, a Kurd, as the new chief judge in the trial of Saddam Hussein, a top case investigator said Monday. Abdel-Rahman would replace Rizgar Mohammed Amin, who submitted a letter of resignation on January 15 amid accusations that he was too lenient with trial defendants, said the investigator, Raid Juhi. Abdel-Rahman will be an interim chief judge, Juhi said. Amin handed in his resignation to the Iraq High Tribunal citing "personal reasons." He has been strongly criticized inside Iraq for allowing Hussein and...

Saddam Hussein has told his lawyers that he wants to be shot by firing squad, not hanged, if sentenced to death during his murder trial, which resumes later this month in Baghdad. Saddam maintains that he is still commander in chief of Iraq's armed forces -- and that a firing squad is "the right way" to execute a military leader. "I'm not afraid of death," he told two of his lawyers in an astonishingly candid five-hour meeting, as he sat in a comfortable chair at the head of the table. "Of course I'm not guilty, but I know they want...

An Iraqi court has ruled that some of the most prominent Sunni Muslims who were elected to parliament last week won't be allowed to serve because officials suspect that they were high-ranking members of Saddam Hussein's Baath Party. The ruling is likely to dampen Bush administration hopes that the election would bring more of the disaffected Sunni minority into Iraq's political process and undermine Sunni support for the insurgency. Instead, the decision is likely to stoke fears of widening sectarian divisions in a nation already in danger of descending into civil war. Adil al-Lami, the chief electoral official of the...

WASHINGTON, Dec. 10, 2005 – Iraqi Ministry of Justice officials announced today that the country's Central Criminal Court has convicted seven members of al Qaeda in Iraq for heinous crimes against the Iraqi people. Four of the convicted terrorist-insurgents were members of a Mosul bombing cell led by Abu Talha. They were found guilty, on Nov. 23 of attacking Iraqi police, Iraqi national guard and coalition forces -- all Article 194 violations of the Iraqi penal code. All four convicts were sentenced life imprisonment, 20 years under the Iraqi system, officials said. The other three convicted terrorists were based in...

It looks like Saddam will be tried, and hopefully convicted, in Absentia. This got me to thinking about his punishment. Historically, when we convict someone of crimes against humanity we hang them. But this isn't our trial, it is Iraqi and he should be punished by Islamic law. A fitting punishment would be death by stoning with the relatives of his victims being the ones throwing the stones. So far so good, but it would be a bit of a let down when it's all over. Then it hit me: let a Super Bowl producer put together a Saddam Stoning...

SULAIMANIYAH, Iraq -- The question on people's minds in Iraq's largest Kurdish city as they watch Saddam Hussein's trial on television is not whether he should be executed, but how and when. Some argue that the ousted leader should be convicted and put to death immediately after the trial, which is being broadcast live on Kurdish television.

BAGHDAD, Iraq - Saddam Hussein told the judge at his trial Monday that "I am not afraid of execution" during an unruly court session in which the first witness took the stand and testified that the former president's agents carried out random arrests, torture and killings. The outburst was one of several by Saddam or his co-defendants at the trial that also saw a brief walkout by his defense lawyers. At one point, Saddam appeared to threaten the judge, saying: "When the revolution of the heroic Iraq arrives, you will be held accountable." Chief Judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin replied: "This...

The UN said yesterday said that Saddam Hussein's trial would never satisfy international standards because of ongoing violence and flaws in Iraq's legal system John Case, the UN's human rights chief in Iraq, said the murder of two defence lawyers, continued threats against judges, lawyers and witnesses and weaknesses in the Iraqi justice system had caused grave doubts about the trial's legitimacy. "We're very anxious about the tribunal [trying Saddam]," he told Reuters in an interview. "The legitimacy of the tribunal needs to be examined. It has been seriously challenged in many quarters." The court resumes today after a week's...

Death OK for Saddam: Howard JOHN Howard has denied it is hypocritical to seek clemency for Australians facing the death penalty abroad, but not to oppose it for deposed Iraqi despot Saddam Hussein. The Prime Minister, disturbed by the death of Nguyen Tuong Van, has promised Canberra will campaign for clemency should any of the Bali Nine be condemned to death in Indonesia. Mr Howard said yesterday his opposition to capital punishment did not extend to Saddam, the former Iraq dictator on trial in Baghdad for genocide. "It's not hypocritical, it's just human," he told Melbourne radio after Van's execution...

BAGHDAD — Most residents of Iraq’s biggest city don’t mince words when it comes to their former leader. The trial of Saddam Hussein and seven of his associates — charged with killing more than 150 residents of the northern city of Dujail in 1982 — is scheduled to resume Monday. A random sampling of Iraqis in and around the capital, a city that still bears numerous relics from Saddam’s 24-year rule, were asked what message they would like to give to the former dictator, if given the chance. “I hope I see you in hell,” said tomato seller Radi Abd...

Senior Bush administration officials have considered the unthinkable: What if Saddam Hussein is found not guilty in his trial? "There will be more charges filed against him, and more charges after that, if needed... he has committed tremendous crimes," a top Bush source explained last week from Washington. Saddam and seven of his former henchmen currently face charges of crimes against humanity over a 1982 massacre of Shiite villagers. A defiant Saddam has refused to recognize the court and has declared himself president of Iraq. Prosecutors hope to win a conviction by using videotape of Saddam issuing assignation orders. Meanwhile,...

Saddam Hussein was beaten up during questioning after he made an obscene remark about Shia Muslims, a source close to the investigation has claimed. The former dictator is being questioned by investigative judges before his trial resumes on November 28. An Iraqi lawyer briefed by investigative judges in the Iraqi High Tribunal said Saddam had made the obscene remark when asked about attacks by Iraqi forces on the shrines of imams Hussein and Abbas in Karbala in 1991. Two of the court's clerks stopped taking notes and attacked Saddam, pummeling him with blows. The source claimed Saddam's American guards were...

Skip the trial, load the rifles George Jonas National Post October 21, 2005 A tribunal in Baghdad is hard at work turning a monster into a martyr. This isn't the intention of presiding judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin and his fellow jurists. It's only the likely result of what they're doing. Saddam Hussein was pulled from the spider-hole in which he was hiding in December, 2003. Some months earlier, I wrote that if we capture him, it would be a mistake to try him. I suggested our first choice should be to shoot him out of hand. The second, to...

(Washington, DC 10/18/05) The Free Muslims Coalition, a national Muslim organization, argues against the execution of Saddam Hussein. On October 18, Saddam Hussein will appear in an Iraqi court to answer criminal charges. Mr. Hussein will begin accounting for his past in a case centering on the execution of more than 140 men and teenage boys in Dujail, a mostly Shiite town north of Baghdad. The victims were apprehended after an assassination attempt against Mr. Hussein there in 1982. The coming trial of Saddam Hussein has raised questions about the fairness of his trial and whether he should be executed....

Get it over with: Saddam must dieBy Peter Worthington October 20, 2005 Toronto Sun After 22 months in captivity, Saddam Hussein went on trial yesterday -- only to have it postponed to Nov. 28 at the behest of his so-called defence counsel. A huge error and let's hope it doesn't happen again. Predictably, human rights groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch seem more concerned about what happens to Saddam and his seven co-accused than they ever were about his victims. The trial is the easiest case to prosecute -- the deliberate, calculated murder of more than 140 people...

'I would know by what power I am called hither... and when I know [by] what lawful authority, I shall answer. Remember, I am your king, your lawful king, and what sins you bring upon your heads, and the judgment of God upon this land, think well upon it, I say, think well upon it, before you go further from one sin to a greater; therefore let me know by what lawful authority I am seated here, and I shall not be unwilling to answer. In the meantime I shall not betray my trust." - Charles I "Who are you?...

Iraqis are clamoring for the Butcher of Baghdad's head. In an exclusive interview on the eve of Saddam Hussein's trial, the country's prime minister told international journalist Daphne Barak executioners were lining up to administer justice. The tyrant could face the death penalty for mass murder. "That's not a problem," said Prime Minister Ibrahim alJaafari. "Many people already volunteered. Many people would love to do the job. This is a man who does not deserve any mercy." The prime minister revealed some details about how Saddam's trial will be carried out so the proceedings - and the defendant - will...

BAGHDAD - Saddam Hussein could be executed before the Iraqi Special Tribunal finishes charging him with all his alleged crimes, a source close to the tribunal said Sunday. For members of some groups allegedly abused by Saddam, the possibility that he might not face their allegations drew mixed feelings. His first trial, along with seven co-defendants, is set to begin Oct. 19. It will weigh charges that they massacred 143 people in Dujail, a predominantly Shiite town north of Baghdad, in 1982 after a failed assassination attempt. If convicted, Saddam could be sentenced to death. On Sunday, officials began releasing...

Doha: Noted Islamic scholar, Dr Yusuf Al Qaradawi has said the Al Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab Al Zarqawi, now based in Iraq, should be tried by Muslim judges if they are caught. A local Arabic daily quoted Dr Al Qaradawi as telling a German magazine in an interview that most Muslims have sympathy for terrorists because of the atrocities being committed against the Palestinians. Islam, he reiterated, did not preach terrorism at all. He clarified that a Muslim suicide bomber attacking a bus full of innocent civilians was to be differentiated from the one who was...

BASRA, Iraq (AP) - 0924iraq-violence An Iraqi judge said Saturday he had renewed arrest warrants for two British soldiers who were rescued from jail earlier this week by troops using armor to crash through the prison walls. In Baghdad, a suicide car bomber exploded his vehicle near an Iraqi army checkpoint Saturday morning, killing three soldiers and an Iraqi civilian, police said. A U.S. Army soldier was killed in a roadside bombing Friday night in southeastern Baghdad, the military said. The soldier's death raised to 1,913 the number of U.S. service members who have died since the war began in...

OUSTED IRAQI dictator Saddam Hussein is now scheduled to go on trial Oct. 19 for one of the atrocities that marked his more than two decades of harsh internal rule and reckless war-making against regional neighbors. He and seven associates face charges of massacring 143 Shiite Muslim inhabitants of Dujail after a 1982 attempt to assassinate Hussein in that town north of Baghdad. The trial was set by the government of Iraqi Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari to begin four days after Iraqi voters decide on a proposed constitution. The official criminal proceeding should not be affected by the out-of-court claim...

BAGHDAD (AFP) - Iraq's parliament debated a sweeping anti-terror draft law which proposes the death penalty for perpetrators of terrorist acts, their accomplices or anybody else involved, lawmakers said. The proposed law, discussed in a closed session of parliament, stipulates eight offences that could qualify as terrorist acts punishable by death. These include "violence... vandalism against public buildings... forming armed gangs... and using explosives to kill people," according to a copy obtained by AFP. Possible offences also include "acts of sowing sectarian sedition or civil war through arming citizens or mobilising them to carry arms against each other". Attacking Iraqi...

UNITED NATIONS: Expressing regret over Iraqi government's decision to execute by hanging three men accused of kidnapping, killing and rape, the United Nations has called on Baghdad to commute the death penalty in future. While recognizing the "serious challenge" posed to the rule of law by terrorism, the insurgency and criminal activity, the UN Assistance Mission for the country said that evidence around the world suggests that capital punishment is a poor deterrent to crime. "The United Nations will continue to assist the Government in Iraq in its attempts to foster a culture based on the rule of law and...

BAGHDAD, Iraq (AP) - Iraq hanged three convicted murderers Thursday, the first executions since the 2003 ouster of Saddam Hussein, the government said. Iraqi authorities reinstated the death penalty after the end of the U.S.-led occupation in June 2004 so they would have the option of executing Saddam Hussein if he is convicted of crimes committed by his regime. Saddam is expected to stand trial soon after the Oct. 15 constitutional referendum, an official said Thursday. "At 10 a.m. in Baghdad, the first executions were carried out since the fall of the regime, against three criminals," spokesman Laith Kubba said....

BAGHDAD, Iraq (AP) - Iraq hanged three convicted murderers Thursday, the first executions since the 2003 ouster of Saddam Hussein, the government said. Iraqi authorities reinstated the death penalty after the end of the U.S.-led occupation in June 2004 so they would have the option of executing Saddam Hussein if he is convicted of crimes committed by his regime. Saddam is expected to stand trial soon after the Oct. 15 constitutional referendum, an official said Thursday. "At 10 a.m. in Baghdad, the first executions were carried out since the fall of the regime, against three criminals," spokesman Laith Kubba said....

Talabani won't sign Saddam death sentence Sun Aug 28, 2:56 PM ET AFP/IST-HO/File Photo: Iraqi President Jalal Talabani said in remarks that he would not sign a death sentence against his ousted predecessor Saddam Hussein even if it costs him his job. "Once his (Saddam's) interrogation is over, he will go before a tribunal," Talabani told Dubai-based Al-Arabiya news channel in an interview. Should a death sentence be issued against the former dictator, "I will not sign it," he said. "I am a man of principles. I cannot forego my principles for the sake of my post. If there is...

Baghdad – The Iraqi government refused to comment on the news of the possibility of releasing the former Prime Minister of the former regime Tareq Aziz and Baathi leaders under arrest. News media have noted that the Americans have prepared an 'initiative' to release Tareq aziz and a number of Baathi leaders, with the knowledge of the President Jalal Talebani, Masud Barzani, president of Kurdistan region, and the head of the former government Iyad Allawi. Ali Al Adhadh, distinguished leader in the Supreme Council of the Islamic revolution said, "The American objective of such a bargain is to create a...