Posted on 02/23/2016 3:09:27 AM PST by LibWhacker
It is a quite extraordinary figure. Dr Curtis Cooper from the University of Central Missouri has found the largest-known prime number - written (274207281)-1. It is around 22m digits long and, if printed in full, would take you days to read. Its discovery comes thanks to a collaborative project of volunteers who use freely available software called GIMPS (Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search) to search for primes.
A number which can only be divided by itself and 1 without a remainder is called a prime number. Here is a list of the primes less than 100: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
Unlucky 13
Numbers appear everywhere in our lives - and good and bad superstitions have developed out of them. Remarkably, most of these superstitious numbers are prime. The superstition that 13 is unlucky results in some hotels and office buildings not having rooms or floors labelled 13. And we all fear Friday 13th, especially sufferers of paraskevidekatriaphobia.
The most popular explanation for 13 being unlucky is that at the last supper there was Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, with the 13th guest being Judas Iscariot who went on to betray Jesus.
The number 3 also has religious significance and references to it can be found not only in the Holy Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, but also the Three Wise Men and in the architectural structures of churches. There is also a superstitious fear of walking under a ladder, which seems to have its origins in the number 3. Propped against a wall, a ladder forms the longest side of a triangle, with the ground and the wall forming the other two sides. A person passing under the ladder is symbolically breaking the Trinity and thus brings bad luck on themselves.
Big rewards
Mathematicians have been searching for patterns in prime numbers for more than 3,000 years and have made only a small amount of progress, believing that there are still many patterns to find. This recent discovery continues that pursuit of understanding.
But why? Well, you could be doing it for money. The Clay Mathematics Institute is offering a million dollars to anyone who can solve the "Riemann problem". This is a complex mathematics puzzle that emerged from the attempts by mathematicians to understand the intricacies of prime numbers. And so finding larger primes, some believe, may help in this quest.
Or maybe you are just looking for "the truth", something mathematicians have been doing for a very long time. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician who was working at the library in Alexandra around 200BC when he discovered the first method of listing primes.
He was very keen on all types of learning (his nickname was Philogus, or "the one who loves learning"). He called his method "the sieve", as primes just fall out when you apply it - and it offers a flavour of prime searching.
First - and this begins to get technical - note that if a number is a composite, such as n=ab, then a and b cannot both exceed √n. For example, with the composite "21" - 21=3x7 - only 7 is bigger than √21 = 4.58. Therefore, he determined that any composite integer n is divisible by a prime p that does not exceed √n.
It follows from this that to test for primes it is only necessary to divide a number by numbers less than or equal to its square root. To find primes from 2 to 30, then, we need only use the fact that √30 is less than 7, and work with the primes 2, 3 and 5.
So if you write out the list of numbers from 2 to 30 on a piece of paper, we can "sieve" out any numbers that are divisible by 2, 3 and 5 to leave us with the prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.
Mysterious numbers
Primes are strange and curious numbers. There are, for example, no primes between 370,261 and 370,373, or between 20,831,323 and 20,831,533. And the primes 13,331, 15,551, 16,661, 19,991 and 72,227 and 1,777,771 are all examples of palindromic numbers. These are numbers that remain the same when the digits are reversed.
In 1956, psychologist George A Miller published a paper in The Psychological Review called The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. In the paper, he talks about the prime number 7 "following him around". Religion, for example, is filled with sevens, from the Seven Deadly Sins to the Seven Sacraments. And salesman believe in the "rule of seven", which suggests people need to hear a marketing message seven times before they take action. Miller, however, claims that this is more than just coincidence.
Our immediate memory has been shown to perform well when remembering up to, but no more than, seven things. We can distinguish and make a judgement about seven different categories. Our span of attention will also remember around seven different objects at a glance. Miller also looked into other areas of how we record and store information and found to his surprise that seven appeared over and over. In conclusion, Miller makes no claim that this is something deep and profound, but says maybe, just maybe, seven could be more special than we had imagined and needs a closer look.
Prime numbers are interesting, don't you think?
you gonna talk about my weight, have the guts to do it to my face. :)
Divided by itself and 1 without a remainder? All numbers are like that as far as I can tell. 4 divided by 4 is 1 and 4 divided by 1 is 4 so why isn’t 4 a prime number?
Primes are positive integers that are ONLY divisible by themselves and one. Four is also divisible by two, and so is not prime.
Oh I see it could by divided by another number as well. I’m not seeing the amazing significance.
bump for a read later.
Primes lie at the core of Number Theory. There are tons of amazing facts about them. Many important theorems have been proven about them. Many others defy proof (and hold back number theory because of it), etc. Take any elementary algebra course and you will begin to learn about primes. Ten years later as you are finishing up your PhD in mathematics, it’s likely you will STILL be learning things about them.
Wow, talk about coincidence, me and my buddies were discussing this very topic last Friday night in the bar......
Yeah, like I learned that some people are superstitious about the number 13 by reading the article. I think in Asian cultures they are superstitious about the number 4 so what’s the prime significance there?
Because 4 can also be divided by 2.....
Oh, and then the practical things are there as well. Just Google ‘encryption and prime numbers.’ Prime numbers are extremely important in safeguarding our nation’s secrets. Figure out a way to break today’s codes (you will necessarily be working with prime numbers), and you will probably very quickly find yourself kept under lock and key! Well, I don’t know about the latter, but you will probably be sworn to secrecy and be forbidden to publish anything on the subject in the open marketplace.
Nowhere does the article claim that every superstition flows from attitudes about prime numbers.
I don’t understand unlucky 13 relationship to Judas.
Judas was one of the 12. How would he make 13?
Yes, it is. Probably the worst explanation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes I ever read, overall not bad. I recall the first programming problem I ever had in school was to find the prime numbers below 100 using Fortran. I didn't know about the Sieve of Eratosthenes, but did know that any composite number had to have at least one factor less than or equal to its square root.
If you pick a number, N, "at random" from the set of all integers, what is the approximate likelihood that it is prime? Curiously enough, 1/ln(N). (ln(*) is the natural logarithm of *). The expected number of primes in the interal M to N is equal to the integral from x = M to x = N of dx/ln(x). The approximation gets relatively better as M get large. (Limit as M -> Inf and M-N -> Inf of the integral over the count of primes approaches unity.)
It also tries to tie some religious significance to 3 and 13 ( trinity and last supper ) implying some prime number application about it. Sounds kinda wacky.
Thanks for the post! I am no mathematician but...
iI am surprised to see so little about primes in this “primer!”
Lol yes... No fault of the poster but as Cruz would say this article is to primes what Carter was to the Presidency.
I went to a new subdivision and bought lots one, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11. It’s prime real estate.
LOL...good one.
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