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Spell-Checked Stem Cells Show Promise Against Liver Disease
ScienceNOW ^ | 12 October 2011 | Jocelyn Kaiser

Posted on 10/13/2011 6:56:01 PM PDT by neverdem

Enlarge Image
sn-natureliv.jpg
Gene fix. Red cells in this slice of mouse liver are making a human protein called A1At.
Credit: K. YUSA ET AL., NATURE (ADVANCED ONLINE EDITION) ©2011 MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD.

Researchers have taken a step toward showing how stem cells might one day be used to help patients born with a deadly liver disease. The researchers corrected a DNA spelling error in patient skin cells that had been converted into so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, then coaxed the cells to form liver cells that seemed to function normally in mice. The approach is still a long way from the clinic, but so far it seems safe.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) involves a protein that is released by the liver into the blood and protects the lungs from inflammation. People born with two defective copies of the A1At gene make an improperly folded version of the protein that builds up in the liver. They develop emphysema and cirrhosis, and eventually they need a liver transplant to survive. The disease affects 1 in 2000 northern Europeans and about 100,000 people in the United States.

A group that included researchers at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Cambridge, both in the United Kingdom, developed a possible treatment for A1ATD by first reprogramming a skin cell from a patient into iPS cells, which are embryonic-like cells that can develop into many tissue types. To these iPS cells they added DNA for proteins called zinc finger nucleases that snipped the cell's DNA at the defect in the A1At gene. They also gave the cells a correct copy of the A1At gene so that the cell's DNA repair machinery would use it as a template to heal the break. The scientists then used another technique to pull out the foreign DNA introduced during the gene repair, "kind of like putting in scaffolding, then taking it down," says mouse geneticist Allan Bradley of the Sanger Institute, who co-authored a paper about the work in Nature.

The point of all this was to create patient-matched iPS cells that had two corrected copies of the A1At gene but no other, unintentional DNA changes that might cause cancer. Using next-generation sequencing, the U.K. team showed that the iPS cells' genome was "clean"—the gene-editing methods had not added any new mutations. The researchers did detect 29 mutations in protein-coding DNA that apparently cropped up while the cells were being reprogrammed or growing in culture. But healthy people carry many mutations like these, and "we don't think it's going to be an issue," Bradley says.

The U.K. team then prompted the repaired iPS cells to differentiate into liver cells and showed that they cranked out the correct version of A1ATD. When injected into the livers of mice with the A1At mutation, the repaired cells appeared to make corrected protein for at least 5 weeks, and the mice did not develop tumors.

The fact that researchers were able to correct errors in iPS cells relatively easily suggests their method has promise for many diseases caused by a single mutation, says Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California. He and others have recently used gene-editing tools to correct mutations in human iPS cells but haven't used the same combination of methods or done the same set of experiments to determine whether the iPS-derived cells are safe. Although the 29 new mutations seemed harmless in this case, every new iPS cell line will need to be analyzed carefully before it is used to treat a patient, Izpisúa Belmonte says. "The question is whether the mutations have a detrimental effect once the cells are differentiated and transplanted back in vivo, not whether they are present or not," he says.

The U.K. team isn't convinced that all the safety issues are resolved either. "Safety has to be paramount," says co-author David Lomas, a clinical researcher at the University of Cambridge. One idea the team is mulling is to implant in patients a bag of iPS-derived liver cells that are self-contained, so they can't seed tumors in a patient's tissues but can still produce A1ATD. If after several months the cells seemed safe, the researchers would move on to injecting them into a patient's liver, where they should eventually replace A1At-deficient cells.


TOPICS: Culture/Society; News/Current Events; Technical; Testing
KEYWORDS: a1atd; genetherapy; ipsc; liver; mice; mouse; stemcells
Spontaneous pneumothorax and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.

Spontaneous pneumothorax means a lung collapses for no apparent reason, maybe a cough. It's time for a chest tube under suction to re-expand the lung.

1 posted on 10/13/2011 6:56:12 PM PDT by neverdem
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To: Coleus; Peach; airborne; Asphalt; Dr. Scarpetta; I'm ALL Right!; StAnDeliver; ovrtaxt; ...
stem cell ping - gene therapy to boot!

Targeted gene correction of α1-antitrypsin deficiency in induced pluripotent stem cells

2 posted on 10/13/2011 7:02:42 PM PDT by neverdem (Xin loi minh oi)
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To: neverdem
Man gets world\'s first synthetic trachea The artificial organ is lined with patient\'s own stem cells to lower rejection risk Drink up, soon they will grow you a new replacement liver, kidney, etc., using your own stem cells.
3 posted on 10/13/2011 7:10:54 PM PDT by Razzz42
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To: neverdem

You mean they can’t find either lung perforation or something generating gas in the thorax? It would seem impossible.


4 posted on 10/13/2011 7:13:05 PM PDT by HiTech RedNeck (There's gonna be a Redneck Revolution! (See my freep page) [rednecks come in many colors])
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To: neverdem
NDA spelling error?

Who knew it could even spell...I thought it did neat spiral paintings.

5 posted on 10/13/2011 7:22:02 PM PDT by diogenes ghost
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To: neverdem

When I worked in pulmonary we had a patient with spontaneous pneumothorax as he was watching TV. Turns out it was a1. Antitrypsin Def. Good article. I will have to forward to some pulmonologists.


6 posted on 10/13/2011 7:25:24 PM PDT by nurseDani
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To: HiTech RedNeck
You mean they can’t find either lung perforation or something generating gas in the thorax? It would seem impossible.

Look up visceral and parietal pleura. The visceral pleura lines the outside of the lungs, IIRC. It develops a defect. Pop, you lose the nagative pressure in your chest cavity that keeps your lungs expanded.

7 posted on 10/13/2011 7:43:03 PM PDT by neverdem (Xin loi minh oi)
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To: Razzz42

Thanks for the link.


8 posted on 10/13/2011 7:44:28 PM PDT by neverdem (Xin loi minh oi)
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To: neverdem

Kinda old news already. France and Japan have been growing mice teeth using stem cells and artificial frameworks for a template. And I hear parents are already having their kids displaced teeth saved cryogenically for the day this stem cell reproduction procedure is applicable.

They haven’t convinced the mice bodies to grow roots to nourish the stem cell grown teeth but the mice bodies will grow bone and gum around the implanted teeth.


9 posted on 10/13/2011 8:13:00 PM PDT by Razzz42
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To: neverdem

So, doesn’t the rupture need to be patched somehow to restore full function?


10 posted on 10/13/2011 8:41:22 PM PDT by HiTech RedNeck (There's gonna be a Redneck Revolution! (See my freep page) [rednecks come in many colors])
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To: HiTech RedNeck
So, doesn’t the rupture need to be patched somehow to restore full function?

They try just suction for a few days the first time. It usually doess the job while the lungs heal themselves. If it becomes recurrent, they'll use techniques mentioned in the abstract about spontaneous pneumothorax.

11 posted on 10/13/2011 9:12:25 PM PDT by neverdem (Xin loi minh oi)
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To: neverdem

Thought it said...

“Spell-Checked Stem Cells Show Promise Against Driver License”

i’m going to bed.....


12 posted on 10/13/2011 9:45:49 PM PDT by G Larry (I dream of a day when a man is judged by the content of his character)
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To: diogenes ghost

I have a spelling checker
It came with my PC
It highlights for my revue
Mistakes I cannot sea.

I ran this poem thru it
I’m sure your pleased to no
Its letter perfect in it’s weigh
My checker tolled me sew.


13 posted on 10/13/2011 9:46:45 PM PDT by HiTech RedNeck (There's gonna be a Redneck Revolution! (See my freep page) [rednecks come in many colors])
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To: neverdem

Are these adult stem cells? Has anything promising or successful come out of embryonic stem cells?


14 posted on 10/15/2011 5:17:45 AM PDT by 1010RD (First, Do No Harm)
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To: 1010RD
Are these adult stem cells?

No. They are mature cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic like state. They are called induced pluripotent stem cells. Check the keyword ipsc. I probably posted dozens of articles about them.

Has anything promising or successful come out of embryonic stem cells?

I'm not aware of any.

15 posted on 10/15/2011 4:40:38 PM PDT by neverdem (Xin loi minh oi)
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