From: Ezekiel 1:2-5, 24-28c
Introduction
Ezekiel’s vision of the glory of the Lord
[24] And when they went, I heard the sound of their wings like the sound of ma-
ny waters, like the thunder of the Almighty, a sound of tumult like the sound of
a host; when they stood still, they let down their wings. [25] And there came a
voice from above the firmament over their heads; when they stood still, they let
down their wings.
[26] And above the firmament over their heads there was the likeness of a throne,
in appearance like sapphire; and seated above the likeness of a throne was a like-
ness as it were of a human form. [27] And upward from what had the appearance
of his loins I saw as it were gleaming bronze, like the appearance of fire enclosed
round about; and downward from what had the appearance of his loins I saw as it
were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness round about him. [28] Like
the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud on the day of rain, so was the ap-
pearance of the brightness round about.
Such was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord.
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Commentary:
1:1-3. As is usual in the prophetical books, the heading identifies the author and
indicates when and where he exercised his ministry. Ezekiel was a priest, and
there is evidence of this throughout the book — for example, in the stress he puts
on precepts to do with divine worship and in his frequent use of the teaching tech-
niques used by people who held temple positions.
“The thirtieth year”: this seems to provide the key to dating Ezekiel’s ministry,
but it is not easy to decide how this should be interpreted. It could be a reference
to the prophet’s age at the start of his mission, as if he were to say, “when I was
thirty years old,” or it could be a reference to when the theophany that he is about
to describe (vv. 2-3) occurred. Since that in fact happened in 593 BC (see below),
the thirty years would refer to the period of time that had elapsed since that event.
He could mean that he had the visions thirty years after the finding of the book of
Deuteronomy in 622 BC, in the time of King Josiah (cf. 2 Kings 22:1-23:30), or
that he was thirty. From Origen onwards (”Homilae in Ezechielem”, 1, 4), most
scholars take it that the reference is to the age of Ezekiel at the time. Thirty was
an important age for a priest, because that was when he began to exercise a
priest’s duties in the temple (cf. Num 4:23, 30), and it is probable that that was
the point when Ezekiel received the word of the Lord and began his prophetical
ministry. Jesus, too, was “about thirty years of age” (Lk 3:23) when he began his
public ministry; and the Fathers point out the parallel: “When he was thirty years
old, the heavens were opened and Ezekiel the prophet saw visions of God on the
banks of the river Chebar. When he was thirty years old, our Lord travelled to the
Jordan; the heavens were opened and the Spirit descended in the form of a dove,
and a voice cried out from heaven, saying: This is my beloved Son, in whom I am
well pleased” (St Gregory the Great, “Homiliae in Ezechielem prophetam”, 1,2, 5).
Verses 2-3 are in the third person, unlike the rest of the passage, which is in the
first person singular. They specify the date of the start of Ezekiel’s ministry, “the
first year of the exile of King Jehoiachin”, that is, 593 BC, for that first deportation
took place in 597 (cf. 2 Kings 24:10-17). These two verses giving the prophet’s
name and the year when his ministry began were probably added by a later au-
thor.
The Chebar is a tributary of the Euphrates; archaeological remains have been
discovered on its banks which show that there was a Jewish settlement there
from the sixth century BC on. By mentioning the location twice, the text wants
to make it clear that the theophany or vision took place outside the land of Is-
rael, in Babylon, and that, therefore, the Lord had remained with his followers
even when they were living among the Gentiles, in a pagan and unclean land.
The fact that Ezekiel has a prophet’s role is conveyed by the use of two wor-
dings. The first, “the word of the Lord came to (him)”, occurs in many other pro-
phetical books (Hos 1:1; Joel 1:1; etc.); the second, “the hand of the Lord was
upon him” (cf. 3:22; 8:1; 33:22; 37:1; 40:1) is used more in connexion with the
early non-writer prophets, specifically those in the time of Elijah (1 Kings 18:46).
Thus, Ezekiel is being depicted as a person of great importance, a priest by de-
scent, a true defender of the faith like Elijah, and a prophet like his immediate
predecessors.
1:4-3:27. This fairly homogenous section introduces the two protagonists of the
book — God and the prophet. God reveals himself in all his majesty in a remark-
able theophany: Ezekiel is able to see the splendour of his glory (1:4-28). The
prophet is depicted as the person entrusted with the Lord’s words and charged
with passing them on to the people (2:1-3:15). Ezekiel is made a watchman; he
must warn the people and look out for them at all times, no matter what it takes:
“What did Ezekiel do to prompt my admiration? Having been ordered to accuse
Jerusalem of her sins, he set his heart wholly on obedience to the Lord’s com-
mand and paid no heed to the persecution he might encounter because of his
preaching” (Origen, “Homiliae in Ezechielem”, 6, 1).
1:4-28. This is an awesome vision. The prophet watches in amazement as he
sees the throne arrive (v. 26), on which is seated “a likeness as it were of a hu-
man form”, which becomes “the likeness of the glory of the Lord” (v. 28). The
“glory of the Lord” is something that cannot be described. What can one say?
It is like “gleaming bronze” (v. 4), “like burning coals of fire, like torches” (v. 13),
“like sapphire” (v. 26) etc.; human language is at a complete loss to describe
the grandeur of God’s glory. The account of the vision shows that God stands
above everything; he is ineffable. St Cyril of Jerusalem puts it this way: “Do you
want to know why it is impossible to understand the nature of God? [...] Tell me
about the cherubim [...]. In so far as it is possible, the prophet Ezekiel offered
a description of them: each one had four faces: the faces of a man, of a lion, of
an eagle, and of a bull [...]. If we cannot form a clear idea of the cherubim, even
with the help of this prophetic description; if we cannot make out the image of
the throne as the prophet has described it, how can we expect to understand
the one seated on the throne, the invisible and ineffable God? It is impossible for
us to comprehend who God is; but by seeing all his works, it is possible for us
to praise and worship him” (Catecheses ad illuminandos, 9, 3).
The various elements in the account leave us in no doubt as to the splendour of
the vision, but the details given about each are difficult to understand. Many com-
mentators think that the details were added much later, in an attempt to adapt
the vision to the traditions of divine worship — for example, to identify the throne
of the glory of the Lord with the carriage that was used for bearing the ark of the
Covenant solemn processions. Certainly, each piece of the vision must have a
meaning, though it may sometimes escape us.
Wind, cloud and fire (cf. v. 4) accompany great theophanies, such that of Sinai
(Ex 19:16-20; Ps 18:9-15, 29:3-10); here they serve to emphasize the heavenly
nature of the vision (”the heavens were opened”: v. 1).
“The likeness of four living creatures” (v. 5): the Hebrew word hayot, used for
these, indicates that they are not domestic animals or wild beasts, but mytho-
logical beings of the sort often represented in Assyrian art. In Ezekiel the num-
ber four means fullness (the idea must derive from the four cardinal points—north,
south, east, west): the four creatures have four wings each, and four faces, and
each of them has a wheel so that they can move in any four directions (vv. 15-
17). The creatures are unlike any known creature, for sometimes they are trea-
ted masculine, and sometimes as feminine; sometimes the verb is in the singu-
lar, sometimes in the plural. In some way, they symbolize all living things, hu-
mans and beasts, created to show, in what they are and what they do, the glo-
ry of God in all its splendour. Almost from the beginning, Christian exegesis (cf.
St lrenaeus, “Adversus haereses”, 3, 11, 18) interpreted the four animals (cf. v.
10) as symbolizing the four evangelists: “Because he begins his Gospel with an
account of the human genealogy [of the Lord], Matthew is symbolized by the
man; Mark is symbolized by the lion because he begins with a loud cry in the
desert: Luke is symbolized by the bull because his book begins with a sacrifice;
John is the eagle because his first focus is on the divinity of the Word [... ]: in
trying to see into the heart of the divine he is like the eagle that stares into the
sun” (St Gregory the Great, “Homiliae in Ezechielem prophetam”, 1, 4, 1).
The “wheels” (vv. 15-21) suggest a war chariot, but they have extraordinary fea-
tures and operate as if they were alive: they are “full of eyes” (v. 18) and “the spi-
rit of the living creatures was in (them)” (v. 20). They symbolize all inanimate cre
ation — a dimension of creation which, like man, is designed to reveal the great-
ness of the glory of God. The “firmament” (v. 22), in Semitic cosmology, was a
huge, solid plate separating the upper waters from those below; rain resulted
when God opened trapdoors in this plate (cf. Gen 1:6-8). But the firmament also
acted as a divide between heaven and earth; below it, creatures lived their lives;
above it, God lived his. Therefore, the things depicted here as being above the fir-
mament (vv. 24-28) have to do with God: the voice, the sapphire throne, the fire,
etc. are all manifestations of divine majesty.
The “glory of God” forms the centre of the vision: all the other details are meant
to underscore the splendour of that glory. In Ezekiel, as in the Priestly tradition
(cf. Ex 13:22; 24:16; 40:35; Lev 9:23-24), the “glory of God” means the presence
of God, who rules over all that he has created and is active among them. When
the glory of God is present, the people are safe, and things go well; when it is
withdrawn, it is a sign that the very worst will happen. Ezekiel records that the
vision comes to him as a “likeness” (”demut” in the Hebrew, as in Genesis 1:26)
of the glory of God. So, St Cyril of Jerusalem makes the point that “The prophet
saw the likeness of the glory of God (Ezek 1:28); he did not see the Lord, but
only the likeness of his glory; he did not even see the glory itself, as it really is,
but only its likeness. And yet, though he saw only the likeness of the glory of
the Lord, the prophet was so moved that he fell to the ground. If so great a man
as the prophet falls to the ground and trembles in the presence of the likeness
of the Lord’s glory, any man who tries to see God as he really is will surely die.
And Scripture tells us so: No man shall see the face of God and live” (Cateche-
sis ad lluminandos, 9, 1).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.
From: Matthew 17:22-27
Second Prophecy of the Passion; the Temple Tax
[24] When they came to Capernaum, the collectors of the half-shekel tax went
up to Peter and said, “Does not your Teacher pay the tax?” 25] He said, “Yes.”
And when he came home, Jesus spoke to him first, saying, “What do you think,
Simon? From whom do kings of the earth take toll or tribute? From their sons
or from others?” [26] And when he said, “From others,” Jesus said to him,
“Then the sons are free. [27] However, not to give offense to them, go to the sea
and cast a hook, and take the first fish that comes up, and when you open its
mouth you will find a shekel; take that and give to them for Me and for yourself.”
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Commentary:
24-27. “Half-shekel”, or “didrachma”: a coin equal in value to the annual contribu-
tion every Jew had to make for the upkeep of the temple—a day’s wage of a labo-
rer. The shekel or stater which our Lord refers to in verse 27 was a Greek coin
worth two didrachmas.
Jesus uses things great and small to get His teaching across to His disciples.
Peter, who is to be the rock on which He will found His Church (Matthew 16:18-
19), He prepares by letting him see His dramatic Transfiguration (17:1-8); now
He gives Peter another inkling of His divinity through an apparently unimportant
miracle. We should take note of Jesus’ teaching method: after His second an-
nouncement of His passion, His disciples are downhearted (Matthew 17:22-23);
here He lifts Peter’s spirits with this friendly little miracle.
26. This shows how conscientiously our Lord fulfilled His civic duties. Although
the half-shekel tax had to do with religion, given the theocratic structure of Israel
at the time, payment of this tax also constituted a civic obligation.
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.