1900. Britain was at the top of the world when Jack London wrote People of the Abyss. Families of 13 lived in one room-East London. I think it’s fair to say Andrew Young was right when he said England invented racism.
Franz Fanon died at age 36 under CIA supervision.
You can argue the positive effects of colonialism. Example-are blacks better off coming here as slaves? ‘Only’ 400k of them came here. I don’t think a brutal truth such as that has a place in the discussion.
Is commerce racist? Captain Cook said Hawaiians would have been better off ‘if we never came’. Commodore Perry threatened to blow Japan up if they didn’t open up. Coal powered shipping needed fuel. Weather it’s ivory tusks or oil in the Middle East commerce will never allow people to be left alone to sit on their resources.
Think Santa Barbara after the 1969 oil spill. It’s back to normal but the existing drilling has not been expanded. Still the oil is out there. Will it be harvested? We’ll see.
Europe could have been even more angelic than angels in dealing with the colonies, but all the colonies would have done is use their trade with Britain to kill off competing tribes, which they often did.