http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-122.html
[Full report at link]
New Grains and Pseudograins
Duane L. Johnson
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TRITICALE (xTriticosecale Widdmark)
3. QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)
1. Nutritional Value
2. Development of the Quinoa Industry
4. BLUE CORN (Zea mays L.)
1. Marketing
2. Research and Development
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. REFERENCES
7. Table 1
8. Table 2
9. Table 3
10. Table 4
11. Fig 1
12. Fig 2
13. Fig 3
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-391.html
Legume Species as Leaf Vegetables
Robert P. Barrett
[snippet of full article]
Major Species
Several of the most prominent legume leaf vegetables deserve special mention. The two most widely distributed species are cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean leaves are consumed in at least eight African countries and Indonesia, while cowpea is consumed in 18 countries in Africa and seven more in Asia and the Pacific. Cowpea is among the top three or four leaf vegetables in many parts of Africa, but bean is also heavily consumed (Bittenbender et al. 1984). NASA has begun research on growing cowpea as both a leaf vegetable and a seed crop, for food in space (Bubenheim and Mitchell 1988, and present volume). Cowpea and bean are the most consumed legume leaves.
Fennugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important potherb in southern Asia where it is known in Hindi as mehti. Leaves are also eaten in the Mid East and Mediterranean, Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi.
Leaves or tender stem tips of the common pea (Pisum sativum L.) are eaten in both tropical and temperate regions, in Malawi Burma, Indonesia, China, and Japan, but it does not appear to be a major vegetable anywhere. Edible leaves were widely promoted as one of many advantages of the winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.], recorded from four countries in southern Asia (Bittenbender et al. 1984), but in practice they are not often eaten. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a widespread but obscure leaf vegetable, reported from Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Senegal, Mali, and Indonesia.
The genus Cassia includes 22 trees, shrubs, and herbs used as leaf vegetables. Sicklepod (Cassia tora L.), a weedy herb widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, is eaten in Mali Cameroon, Tanzania, India, and Indonesia (Bittenbender et al. 1984). It is also noted as a wild edible plant in the southeastern U.S. (Peterson 1978). Young leaves of Cassia obtusifolia L. are eaten in South America and India (Bittenbender et al. 1984). In northern Senegal this herb grows abundantly during the rainy season and its leaves are consumed in great quantity as most other foods are scarce at that time. Then it provides the major source of vitamins A and C, usually being added to millet porridge (Becker 1983).
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (often called L. glauca (L.) Benth.) and Sesbania grandiflora Pers. are rapid-growing nitrogen fixing trees widely naturalized in the tropics and planted for many uses, especially fuel soil conservation, fodder, and poles. Leucaena leaves are eaten in Central Africa, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and its native Mexico. Young Sesbania leaves are eaten in Attica, Pakistan India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Pacific, and also in Guyana.
GEOGRAPHY OF USE
continued........
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-428.html
[a snippet of the full article]
The Andean region of South America is one of the eight centers of diversity of cultivated plants described by Vavilov (1951) and has recently become recognized as an important area for minor-crop development and germplasm conservation (IBPGR 1982). There is also strong evidence that the southern Peruvian Andes is one of the four areas of the world where the independent invention of agriculture took place (Hawkes 1983).
The potato has been the subject of international crop development and is now commonly grown throughout the world. There are, however, many other important food crops that were domesticated in the Andes but that are poorly known scientifically. The subject of this paper is three of these crops: Ullucus tuberosus Caldas (Basellaceae, Fig. 1, 2); Oxalis tuberosa Mol. (Oxalidaceae, Fig. 3, 4); and Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P. (Tropaeolaceae, Fig. 5, 6). Each of these crops is a potential new crop for other areas of the world.
The Andean Crop Complex
Numerous other root and tuber crops have been domesticated in the Andes; Arracacia xanthorriza Bancr. (Apiaceae), Canna edulis Ker-Gawl. (Cannaceae), Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), Mirabilis expanse R & P (Nyctaginaceae) and Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl. (Asteraceae). No discussion of Andean crop resources would be complete without mentioning the global potential of these and other crops that are part of the agricultural heritage of the Andean region. Other important crops include the high protein pseudograins, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Chenopodiaceae), C. pallidicaule Heller, and a high protein legume, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Fabaceae). As a group, these tuber, grain legume and other crops have been among the primary food sources in the highland Andean region for centuries. A National Academy of Sciences report on Andean crops has presented general information on these and other crops (NRC 1989).
continued.........
http://www.archive.org/stream/reportro1921rockuoft/reportro1921rockuoft_djvu.txt
Other searches not done:
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/faminefoods/ff_references.html
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/4/1/4
Research
Archival data on wild food plants used in Poland in 1948
Interesting study of famine plants.
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0191-A2.HTM
Medicinal Use of Forest Trees and Shrubs by Indigenous People of Northeastern North America
[Part snipped]
.. They had great respect for natural resources... Their whole lives were intricately woven into a pattern of plant-animal-man relationships.
Dr. Frank G. Speck and Ralph Dexter, 1952
Anthropologists/Ethnobotanists
In the winter of 1535-1536, the three ships of French explorer Jacques Cartier, the father of New France, were frozen in the thick ice on the St. Lawrence river near Stadacona, now known as the city of Québec. His crew, surviving only on their remaining rations and wild game, were rapidly falling victim to scurvy, and twenty-five had died. On learning of their plight, the local Iroquois chief arranged to have branches of an evergreen tree called annedda brought to them, with instructions on how to administer it. A desperate Cartier complied, and within days, his crew had recovered (Biggar 1924). He recounted:
... had all the doctors of Louvain and Montpellier been there, with all the drugs of Alexandria, they could not have done so much in a year as did this tree in eight days...
The Voyages of Jacques Cartier, 1536
While there is no definitive proof, and debate continues to this day whether annedda was white pine (Pinus strobus), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) or white spruce (Picea glauca) (Fenton 1941, Rousseau 1953, Moore 1978), etymological evidence points to eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) as the life-saving tree species. The foliage of all the above conifers has antiscorbutic properties. Conifer leaves contain 3-5 times the ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, of orange juice (Hunter and Tuba 1943).
Over two centuries passed before the British medical community discovered the cause of scurvy was not foul air, as previously suspected, but lack of vitamin C (Vogel 1970). The forest-dwelling indigenous people of North America knew long before. Of course, they had no knowledge of vitamins, but they knew that the needles of coniferous trees cured the symptoms, because they had been experimenting with natural cures derived from the forest for 4,000 years (Tuck 1984).
... they have abundant means, with herbs and leaves or roots, to cure their ailments.
Nicolaes van Wassenaer, 1624
Through centuries of trial and error, North America’s indigenous people - as did those elsewhere around the world - had developed a pharmacopoeia that in most cases surpassed that of the “civilized” post-medieval medical practitioners of Europe of the time.
They are all by nature physicians, apothecaries and doctors by virtue of the knowledge and experience they have of certain herbs which they use successfully to cure ills that seem to us incurable...
Father Chrétien LeClercq, 1691
Récollet Missionary
Knowledge of the medicinal use of trees and shrubs - indeed all plants - was handed down from generation to generation as part of oral tradition. Nothing was written. After the upheaval of their civilization by the encroachment of Europeans, the decimation of their population by wars and foreign diseases, the disruption of their homelands and lifestyles, and what anthropologists refer to as “acculturation” into “white” society, much of this traditional knowledge was threatened, and some of it was unfortunately lost.
The medical establishment of North America ultimately recognized the value of indigenous drugs. When the first Pharmacopoeia of the United States, the official reference text of the pharmaceutical industry, was published in 1820, it included 170 indigenous plant cures (Vogel 1970). Likewise the Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal of 1868 listed as official medicines over twenty species of forest trees and shrubs prescribed by First Nations (Erichsen-Brown 1979).
In the late 19th century a generation of anthropologists known as ethnobotanists began to live with, observe, and interview elders and shamans (medicine people) in order to document their traditional use of medicinal plants. If not for the foresight of these social scientists, much more would have been lost.
The hemlock cure of Cartier’s crew is arguably the most widely-known example of native medicine, but there are literally thousands of others (Moerman 1998). They derived medicines from the leaves, buds, bark, roots, flowers, and cones of trees and shrubs, as well as the ground vegetation. They boiled, baked, steamed, steeped, smoked, dried, shredded, and powdered medicines from virtually every forest species which grew around them.
A second well-known example is aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, which until its synthesis in the 19th century, was derived from various willow (Salix) species. Of the over thirty species of Salix in Canada, the leaves, bark, and roots of almost all were prescribed by indigenous people to relieve pain or reduce fever, centuries before the Bayer Company of Germany patented the synthetic commercial product.
They were not subject to diseases, and knew nothing of fevers. If any accident happened to them... they did not need a physician. They had knowledge of herbs, of which they made use and straightaway grew well.
Nicolas Denys, 1672
Lieutenant-Governor of the Acadian Coast
From all early historical accounts, indigenous people - today called First Nations in Canada and Native Americans in the United States - were a very healthy people. Their most common ailments, aside from wounds, were rheumatism, bowel and urinary disorders, colds and other lung afflictions, childbirth complications, menstrual disorders, and irritated eyes (from smoke in confined areas). For each of these maladies they had one or more cures.
That is, until European immigrants introduced into their population smallpox, diphtheria, venereal disease, scarlet fever, typhoid, cholera, and measles. Because they had neither natural immunities nor traditional medicines to combat these new infectious diseases, thousands perished.
Discussion
It is not within the scope of this brief paper to describe all the forest-derived medicinal remedies of the indigenous people of North America. Only six examples - three shrub and three tree species - will be highlighted. These examples relate to the most common ailments suffered by indigenous people in pre-Cartier times, represent a geographic and ethnological cross section of the indigenous people who inhabited the primarily-forested region from the Great Lakes east to the Atlantic coast, and provide a representative sample of the forest trees and shrubs they utilized as medicinals.
The region was inhabited by two distinct linguistic and cultural groups: the Algonkians, who dwelt in the forest in winter and on the shore in summer - and the sedentary Iroquois, who practised subsistence agriculture. Between them there were some forty distinct tribes or Nations, but their exact pre-colonization populations will never be known (Geographic Board of Canada 1912). The following examples are derived from both these groups.
Shrubs
Canada yew (Taxus canadensis), commonly called ground hemlock, is a metre-high spreading evergreen shrub found in the shaded understorey of a variety of forest types, usually on moist fertile sites (Soper and Heimburger 1982). Teas steeped from the foliage were consumed by native women for a variety of ailments, from post-childbirth complications to irregular menstrual cycles. But by far yew’s most common use was to treat rheumatism: Abenaki in Maine, Algonquin in Québec, Ojibway in Minnesota and Ontario, and Menominee in Wisconsin all used it for this purpose, the needles steeped into a tea for internal consumption, or steamed in their sweat baths (Smith 1923, Gilmore 1933, Rousseau 1947, Black 1980).
The chemical structure of yew needles is extremely complex (Appendino 1995). Within the last decade, after thirty years of research and clinical testing, an extract from yew needles generically called paclitaxel, has been successfully employed in chemotherapy to treat ovarian, breast, and several other forms of cancer (Blouin 2002a). To date, scientists have been unable to commercially synthesize paclitaxel; the various species of yew worldwide remain the sole source of the drug.
A similar but unrelated shrub, ground juniper (Juniperus communis), grows on sterile rocky soils, often on abandoned pastures. Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, Cayuga, and Ojibway, as well as the Woodlands Cree of Saskatchewan, drank decoctions of juniper bark, roots, or needles to treat a variety of lung-related disorders, from colds to asthma to tuberculosis (Waugh 1916, Gilmore,1933, Mechling 1959, Leighton 1985).
When blended with cedar leaves in a tea, ground juniper has had recent anecdotal, but not yet scientifically proven, success in treating the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (Blouin 2002b).
A common pioneer deciduous shrub found predominantly bordering watercourses or invading poorly-drained abandoned farmland is the nitrogen-fixing speckled alder (Alnus rugosa), a visually unattractive but ecologically important species. The Mi’kmaq of the Maritime provinces scraped the thin astringent bark, boiled it, and applied it to wounds and bruises. In cases of severe fever, the patient’s body was wrapped in alder leaves, whereupon the fever subsided (Speck and Dexter 1951). The Woods Cree in the northwest bathed irritated or sore eyes with an alder bark decoction (Leighton 1985). The Seneca of New York boiled the bark into an emetic and laxative decoction they drank to cleanse and purge the body, especially in springtime (Herrick 1995).
Trees
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a shade-tolerant conifer of moist fertile sites, with the potential to live four hundred years or more to form an old-growth forest. As well as the previously-noted use of its foliage by indigenous people as an antiscorbutic, an astringent tonic brewed from the red inner bark, which contains up to 12% tannin (Mockle 1955), and therefore has strong astringent properties, was consumed to control diarrhea by the Ojibway, Maliseet, Mi’kmaq, Cherokee, and Potawatomi (Gilmore 1919, Wallis 1922, Smith 1933). An infusion of the foliage was steeped by the Abenaki and Algonquin in Québec, and taken internally for rheumatism (Rousseau 1947, Black 1980). The Seneca of New York and the Delaware of Ontario steamed rheumatic limbs with the hemlock infusion (Waugh 1916, Tantaquidgeon 1972).
White cedar, or arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), a conifer with scale-like foliage usually found on moist sites rich in calcium (Marie-Victorin 1935, Blouin 2001), was a prime source of medicine to native people. An infusion of the leaves or inner bark was consumed by Ojibway and Mi’kmaq people as cough medicine (Speck 1917, Densmore 1928, Smith 1932). It was also commonly steamed and the vapours inhaled in native sweat lodges to combat colds, headache, fever, and rheumatism (Smith 1923, Smith 1932, Rousseau 1945, Black 1980, Herrick 1995).
Today, cedar oil distilled from the foliage is a principal ingredient in many commercial and alternative medicines, in particular cold remedies. Its primary active ingredient is thujone.
Choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), a small deciduous tree of open areas such as roadsides, riparian zones, and fencerows, is the most widely distributed tree in North America. It was also the fifth most widely used drug plant on the continent; according to Moerman (1998), it had 132 medicinal uses. Indigenous people from coast to coast gathered the inner bark, boiled it, and drank the decoction to cure diarrhea (Holmes 1884, Speck 1917, Smith 1923, VanWart 1948, Herrick 1995). Choke cherry tea was also consumed for indigestion, a tonic during pregnancy, and a gargle for sore throat (Blouin 1993).
Conclusion
Until recently, investigation into the phytochemical constituents of North American forest species has been insufficient (Arnason et al 1981). Yet the limited research that has taken place has proven conclusively the pharmacological validity of many of the drugs prescribed by First Nations and Native Americans. The active ingredients (e.g., astringent tannins, antibacterial alkaloids, anti-inflammatory terpenes) in many of the native drugs correlate to the uses originally prescribed by native people (Chandler 1983).
For example, Canadian researchers have recently proved, through phytochemical analyses, that plants used as antibiotics by North American indigenous people do contain anti-microbial chemical compounds (Jones et al 2000). The precedent of Canada yew cited above as a proven anti-carcinogen should be sufficient incentive to investigate the health and healing potential of other trees and shrubs.
At the very least, we can not dismiss the traditional medicinal knowledge which indigenous people gleaned over millennia of experimentation and practice. At the most, it behooves the forestry community and the medical and pharmaceutical communities to cooperate to enhance research into the chemical composition of all forest species, in order to evaluate their potential as life-enhancing, or perhaps life-saving, drugs.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/ai480e/ai480e00.htm
Link is several reports on the Food situation of the world, from the UN.
http://www.fooddownunder.com/cgi-bin/recipet.cgi?r=109919&y=10
Recipe 109919 of 281476
Title: Fruity Muffins
Keys: Desserts Breads Baked Warm
Yield: 10 Servings
Ingredients:
8 oz Self-Rising Whole-Wheat Flour
2 tsp Baking powder
1 tbl Light brown sugar
3 1/2 oz Dried Apricots, chopped
1 med banana, mashed with 1 tb orange juice
1 tsp Orange rind, grated finely
1 1/4 cup Skimmed milk
1 med egg, beaten
3 tbl Corn oil
2 tbl Oatmeal
Fruit spread, honey, or
Maple syrup, to serve
Method:
Preheat the oven to 400F degrees. Place 10 paper muffin cases in a deep muffin pan. Sift the flour and baking powder into a mixing bowl, adding any husks that remain in the sifter. Stir in the sugar and chopped apricots. Make a well in the center of the dry ingredients and add the banana, orange rind, milk, beaten egg,and oil. mix together well to form a thick batter. Divide the batter evenly among the 10 paper cases.Sprinkle with a few oatmeal pieces and bake for 25-30 minutes until well risen and firm to the touch, or until a skewer inserted into the center comes out clean. Transfer the muffins to a wire rack to cool slightly. Serve the muffins warm with a little fruit spread, honey, or maple syrup.
http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/journals/ajp1884/12-cree.html
Medicinal Plants Used by the Cree Indians, Hudson’s Bay Territory.
* Abies balsamea
* Acorus calamus
* Alnus viridis
* Betula pubescens
* Cornus sericea
* Juniperus communis
* Kalmia angustifolia
* Kalmia latifolia
* Populus
* Prunella vulgaris
* Prunus virginiana
* Pyrus
* Rhododendron groenlandicum
BY E. M. HOLMES, F.L.S.,
Curator of the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society,
Mr. Walton Haydon, who has resided for some time in the Hudson’s Bay Territory, recently presented to the Pharmaceutical Society a series of specimens of the drugs used by the native Indians, and with them has also contributed some information concerning their uses, which may be of interest in the future if placed on record. Only the native name of some of the drugs is known at present, but Mr. Haydon has promised to forward specimens of the plants from which they are obtained on his return to Hudson’s Bay.
continued.
http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/journals/ajp1884/12-martynia.html
Martynia and its Humble Servants.
BY JOSEPH CRAWFORD, PH.G.
From an Inaugural Essay.
This subject is chosen to show, not the presence of some powerful alkaloid or other valuable therapeutical, principle which I think is wanting, but rather some of the relations existing between plants and insects, and to awaken a deeper interest among students for observing the indigenous Materia Medica and the wonderful forms exhibited by plants.
continued.
A delightful 1884 explanation of pollination.
http://www.fooddownunder.com/cgi-bin/recipet.cgi?r=185376&y=1
Recipe 185376 of 281476
Title: Parched Corn Travelling Food ... Uninhq’’ Da`
Keys: Native Canadian Canada North American
Yield: 1 servings
Ingredients:
No Ingredients Found
Method:
There was apparently no more popular travelling or hunting food than this preparation in olden times. It was light, nourishing, and could be eaten either cooked or raw. It is rarely used at present, except on certain ceremonial occasions, such as False-Face Society functions.
In making it, the white Tuscarora and other kinds of bread corn are employed. The ripe corn is shelled, parched slightly in the embers, as for popping, thrown into the mortar, some maple sugar added, and the whole pounded and sifted together to a rather fine meal. When intended for pudding or soups, rather than for eating raw, the maple sugar may be left out.
Dried fruit, such as cherries, is said to have been pulverized with it at times. Sugar is not used when the food is intended for hunters or for athletes, as it would make them dizzy (the sugar being derived from the maple, the branches of which sway about in the wind).
The uninhq’’da’ is also at times mixed up with chopped meat.
It was prepared for use in several ways. It might be eaten raw in small quantities, though more than a small handful was considered dangerous without cooking, on account of its tendency to swell.
On hunting expeditions or in time of war a small wooden cup or bowl was carried along. A little water was taken in this and a small amount of the meal added.
When game was found or when the enemy was vanquished, it was added to the venison or other provisions secured.
John Bartram, in “Observations Made by John Bartram in His Journey From Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego and the Lake Ontario in Canada” (London, 1751), at p. 71 notes of this food that “... about one-quarter of a pound, diluted in a pint of water, is a hearty travelling dinner.”
Historical references to the food are numerous, showing conclusively its common use throughout the Iroquois and Algonkin region as reported by Robert Beverly in “The History and in Samuel de Champlain’s “Voyages of Samuel de Champlain” (Prince Society ed., Boston, 1878-1882) he states that very dry Indian corn was used in its manufacture. It was roasted in ashes, brayed to a meal and, in preparing it for food, they cooked a large quantity of fish and meat, cut it into pieces, skimmed off the fat, and added the meal of roasted corn, cooking the whole to a thick soup. This was among the Huron and eastern Algonkins. At p. 155 of the above-referenced “The History and Present State of Virginia,”
Robert Beverly also furnishes some information: The Indians of Virginia frequently took with them on their journeys “a Pint or Quart of Rockahomonie, that is, the finest Indian corn, parched and beaten to a powder. When they find their stomachs empty (and cannot stay the tedious Cookery of other things) they put about a spoonful of this into their Mouths, and drink a Draught of Water upon it, which stays in their stomachs.”
A Tonawanda informant described its use by Seneca athletes in running. A decoction should also be prepared of the toad rush, Juncus bufonius, the fact of its growing beside the runner’s pathway being considered significant. A handful of the plant is steeped in nearly a pailful of water. The idea is to provoke vomiting. The person using it must drink about two quarts the first time, vomit, drink the same quantity, and vomit again. The face and body are also washed with the liquid. This is done about three times during the week before the race. Only sweet milk and Indian corn bread, agwe’’aw’`a’’gwa’ (Seneca), are to be eaten. A quantity of the scorched cornmeal is carried along to eat while running, a little being taken now and again. The Seneca name for the meal is
“wade’’sondak one’q,” or “burnt corn.” Mrs. John Williams of Caughnawaga gave “wanaha’sa o’nasde’” as a Mohawk equivalent.
“Iroquois Foods and Food Preparations, Memoir 86, No. 12, Anthropological Series” by F. W. Waugh, (Ottawa Government Printing
If you like Catfish, check this link, it has more ways to cook it, than I knew existed:
http://www.fooddownunder.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?q=cats
Game
* alligator · bear · boar · buffalo · caribou · crocodile · deer · duck · game · goat · goose · hare · moose · partridge · pheasant · pigeon · quail · rabbit · squab · venison · wild ·
And lots of the more ‘expected ‘ recipes on the last link.....
Woman Arrested in Arizona On Terrorism Charges
Posted: 14 Feb 2009 03:23 PM PST
A New Mexico woman has been arrested on terrorism charges after police say she rammed her truck into a fuel tanker and tried to ignite it.
A woman was arrested on terrorism charges in Williams Thursday after police say she rammed her truck into a fuel tanker and tried to blow up the fuel storage tanks.
continued.
http://www.azdailysun.com/articles/2009/02/14/news/20090214_front_190872.txt
[Also wants to kill Obama]