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The Constitution specific a federal census every ten years.

No. It is an "Enumeration" (Article I, Section 2, Part 3). The "Enumeration" is strictly for the apportionment of Representatives to the House. Please show us where the "Census" is referenced in the Constitution. Maybe some of us that have read it a few hundreds times missed it.

In Article I, Section 2, Part 3, that sentence ends in "in such Manner as they shall by Law direct." Congress has made such a direction and it is embodied in Title 13. You can't just pick and choose which words of the Constitution apply.

Yes, the Census people are getting the Enumeration for Apportionment but they are also collecting demographic information for the administration of other Laws passed by Congress, signed by the President and not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. If you think Title 13 oversteps the Constitution, challenge it. Quite frankly if Congress and the Executive are going to administer laws where demographics are needed, I'd rather have them collect all the data in one fell swoop than conduct multiple operations or worse, make it up based on statistical gymnastics. If you don't like the laws, work to elect candidates who will correct or rescind them.

“Enumeration” means a counting or census. That was commonly understood at the time of the drafting and adoption of the Constitution — although that may no longer be true today.