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I would say paragraphs are your friends, but the original article was written that way.

Xi is unsure what sanctions China might face if it invades Taiwan

Almost a month in, China is still being extremely coy about its attitude towards the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The regime is acutely aware that there are many parallels between the Russian-Ukrainian relationship and the Chinese-Taiwanese one, and that the Russian attempt to conquer Ukraine is failing, or at least stalled.

It’s only recently that Russia’s President Vladimir Putin began denying that Ukraine is a real nation, but that has been Beijing’s position with regard to Taiwan from the start. For 73 years, ever since the Nationalist regime lost the Chinese civil war in 1949 and retreated to Taiwan, it has been the risk of a war with the United States that has deterred the victorious Chinese Communists from invading the island and finishing the job.

But that threat may be a paper tiger, for there is no actual alliance between Taiwan and the United States. Like Ukraine, Taiwan gets many expressions of sympathy and support from Washington, and even fairly advanced weapons (although Taiwan has to pay for them), but it does not have a promise that the US Navy will stop a Chinese attack across the Strait of Taiwan, or indeed that the United States would use force in any way to defend Taiwan.

While the chaotic US withdrawal from Afghanistan was still underway last August, US President Joe Biden, seeking to reassure various friends and allies, said “We made a sacred commitment...that if anyone were to invade or take action against our NATO allies, we would respond. Same with Japan, same with South Korea, same with - Taiwan.”

That cheered many people in Taiwan - but later in the same day a senior American official, speaking ‘not for attribution’, said that “US policy has not changed.” The United States didn’t even bother with ambiguity in the case of Ukraine, making it clear from the start that it would not offer any military resistance to a Russian conquest of Ukraine.

This is perfectly sensible when your potential adversary has nuclear weapons - but China does too, so the lesson for Beijing is that the US won’t really fight for Taiwan either.

That is certainly the conclusion that President Tsai Ing-wen’s government in Taipei will draw from recent events, so she will be shopping urgently for state-of-the-art weapons to defend Taiwan with. Given the current mood in the US Congress, she will probably be able to get them.

Yet it’s unlikely that Xi Jinping’s advisers will be urging him to seize this moment to attack Taiwan, because what he sees in Russia is a brother autocrat, Vladimir Putin, who took a similar gamble and is facing a humiliating defeat. Putin’s miscalculation has been so monumental that he may even lose power over it.

There are two elements in Putin’s catastrophe that Xi will suspect might also apply to any attempt by him to seize Taiwan by force. The first is just that his inexperienced armed forces, ordered to carry out an amphibious invasion of Taiwan, one of the most complex military operations in the book, may prove to be, like the Russians, simply not up to the task. The other thing Xi can’t be sure of is what kind of sanctions China might face if it invaded Taiwan.

Nobody knows, including the players themselves, but China is hugely exposed to any interruption of international trade, and domestic circumstances are not propitious either. There would certainly be a surge of patriotic enthusiasm if Xi ordered the invasion of Taiwan this year, but he should wait a bit and watch what happens to another dictator who launched a stupid, unwinnable war and got his whole country cancelled.

(Gwynne Dyer’s new book is ‘The Shortest History of War’. The views expressed are personal.)

I think there are a lot of cultural and geographic differences in the situations of Ukraine and Taiwan.

Ukraine includes Kiev, which Russians regard as sort of the founding city of Russia. It was Russian before there was a Moscow. Despite parts of Ukraine being ruled by various non-Russian empires, there has been considerable religious and linguistic continuity between Ukraine and Russia, except for the western oblasts of Ukraine.

Taiwan was ruled from mainland China only during the Qing dynasty from 1683 to 1895. Prior, it was populated first by aboriginal Taiwanese who are Austronesian speakers. Prior to the Qing, various migrations of non-Han ethnic groups from the mainland occurred, with considerable conflict between mainlanders and aboriginals. Dutch and Spanish traders also exerted influence over trading posts and parts of Taiwan. After rule by the Qing from the mainland for a little over 200 years, 125 years have passed under Japanese rule and de facto independence. Although the KMT from the mainland ruled after 1949, they were resented by the Taiwanese and by the pre-1895 immigrants.

Geographically, the situations are considerably different. Ukraine is a large country of about 300,000 square kilometers, while Taiwan is about 36,000. Ukraine has a population of about 41 million, while Taiwan has a population of 23.5 million. Ukraine has borders with several countries hostile to Russia via which it is supplied with weapons, etc. Taiwan is an island close to mainland China but not close to any other major country from which it can reasonably be resupplied.

China can extend its antiaircraft missile system to control Taiwanese airspace. It can easily sink any ship approaching Taiwanese ports. With 605 people per square kilometer, and most of its land being non-arable, Taiwan cannot feed itself. Furthermore, its high technology manufacturing base can be easily destroyed by short range missiles from the mainland.

On the other hand, so long as Taiwan is circumspect in its foreign policy, China has little reason to attack and many reasons to continue business as usual with Taiwan.