I’m not sure they would blow up the earth or disintegrate it, as it appears to be happening in the movie, but what it WOULD do is strip the ozone layer away in its entirety, exposing all life to withering ultraviolet radiation. Even those people who somehow got sufficient shelter would soon end up with nothing to eat as all the other life dies off.
It didn’t blow up the planet or disintegrate it. It just burned off everything on it. At one point Cage’s character, an astrophysicist, said it would irradiate the crust down a mile deep.