According the to the Census site the regular census is strictly short form now. But there’s another yearly survey, sent selectively, with the same legal requirements and with many more questions.
I was going to post a similar answer, but decimon pretty much wrote what I was going to say. For some, the yearly survey will hit the same year as the regular census form.
I believe the longer form that’s sent to a certain % of the population each year is called the ACS. It’s been 10+ months or so since I was out to the census bureau website, but if I recall correctly, the penalties are for not completing the “regular” census and do not apply to the ACS. HOWEVER, please don’t take my word for it. Go out to the census bureau website and take a look...
Also, did a quick search because I remembered posting about this once before—
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/bloggers/2174366/posts?page=81
See my post at #73...