Be that as it may, they couldn't legally land in this country after 1808. Most ships used in the slave trade were flagged in Britain.
Found this, written by Charles Dickens:
"Public opinion! hear the public opinion of the free South, as expressed by its own members in the House of Representatives at Washington. `I have a great respect for the chair,` quoth North Carolina, `I have a great respect for the chair as an officer of the house, and a great respect for him personally; nothing but that respect prevents me from rushing to the table and tearing that petition which has just been presented for the abolition of slavery in the district of Columbia, to pieces.` - `I warn the abolitionists,` says South Carolina, `ignorant, infuriated barbarians as they are, that if chance shall throw any of them into our hands, he may expect a felon`s death.` - `Let an abolitionist come within the borders of South Carolina,` cries a third; mild Carolina`s colleague; `and if we can catch him, we will try him, and notwithstanding the interference of all the governments on earth, including the Federal government, we will HANG him.`
Public opinion has made this law. - It has declared that in Washington, in that city which takes its name from the father of American liberty, any justice of the peace may bind with fetters any negro passing down the street and thrust him into jail: no offence on the black man`s part is necessary. The justice says, `I choose to think this man a runaway:` and locks him up. Public opinion impowers the man of law when this is done, to advertise the negro in the newspapers, warning his owner to come and claim him, or he will be sold to pay the jail fees. But supposing he is a free black, and has no owner, it may naturally be presumed that he is set at liberty. No: HE IS SOLD TO RECOMPENSE HIS JAILER. This has been done again, and again, and again. He has no means of proving his freedom; has no adviser, messenger, or assistance of any sort or kind; no investigation into his case is made, or inquiry instituted. He, a free man, who may have served for years, and bought his liberty, is thrown into jail on no process, for no crime, and on no pretence of crime: and is sold to pay the jail fees. This seems incredible, even of America, but it is the law.
Public opinion is deferred to, in such cases as the following: which is headed in the newspapers:
`INTERESTING LAW-CASE.
`An interesting case is now on trial in the Supreme Court, arising out of the following facts. A gentleman residing in Maryland had allowed an aged pair of his slaves, substantial though not legal freedom for several years. While thus living, a daughter was born to them, who grew up in the same liberty, until she married a free negro, and went with him to reside in Pennsylvania. They had several children, and lived unmolested until the original owner died, when his heir attempted to regain them; but the magistrate before whom they were brought, decided that he had no jurisdiction in the case. THE OWNER SEIZED THE WOMAN AND HER CHILDREN ITS THE NIGHT, AND CARRIED THEM TO MARYLAND.`
`Cash for negroes,` `cash for negroes,` `cash for negroes,` is the heading of advertisements in great capitals down the long columns of the crowded journals. Woodcuts of a runaway negro with manacled hands, crouching beneath a bluff pursuer in top boots, who, having caught him, grasps him by the throat, agreeably diversify the pleasant text. The leading article protests against `that abominable and hellish doctrine of abolition, which is repugnant alike to every law of God and nature.` The delicate mamma, who smiles her acquiescence in this sprightly writing as she reads the paper in her cool piazza, quiets her youngest child who clings about her skirts, by promising the boy `a whip to beat the little niggers with.` - But the negroes, little and big, are protected by public opinion.
Let us try this public opinion by another test, which is important in three points of view: first, as showing how desperately timid of the public opinion slave-owners are, in their delicate descriptions of fugitive slaves in widely circulated newspapers; secondly, as showing how perfectly contented the slaves are, and how very seldom they run away; thirdly, as exhibiting their entire freedom from scar, or blemish, or any mark of cruel infliction, as their pictures are drawn, not by lying abolitionists, but by their own truthful masters.
The following are a few specimens of the advertisements in the public papers. It is only four years since the oldest among them appeared; and others of the same nature continue to be published every day, in shoals.
`Ran away, Negress Caroline. Had on a collar with one prong turned down.`
`Ran away, a black woman, Betsy. Had an iron bar on her right leg.`
`Ran away, the negro Manuel. Much marked with irons.`
`Ran away, the negress Fanny. Had on an iron band about her neck.`
`Ran away, a negro boy about twelve years old. Had round his neck a chain dog-collar with "De Lampert" engraved on it.`
`Ran away, the negro Hown. Has a ring of iron on his left foot. Also, Grise, HIS WIFE, having a ring and chain on the left leg.`
`Ran away, a negro boy named James. Said boy was ironed when he left me.`
`Committed to jail, a man who calls his name John. He has a clog of iron on his right foot which will weigh four or five pounds.`
`Detained at the police jail, the negro wench, Myra. Has several marks of LASHING, and has irons on her feet.`
`Ran away, a negro woman and two children. A few days before she went off, I burnt her with a hot iron, on the left side of her face. I tried to make the letter M.`
`Ran away, a negro man named Henry; his left eye out, some scars from a dirk on and under his left arm, and much scarred with the whip.`
`One hundred dollars reward, for a negro fellow, Pompey, 40 years old. He is branded on the left jaw.`
`Committed to jail, a negro man. Has no toes on the left foot.`
`Ran away, a negro woman named Rachel. Has lost all her toes except the large one.`
`Ran away, Sam. He was shot a short time since through the hand, and has several shots in his left arm and side.`
`Ran away, my negro man Dennis. Said negro has been shot in the left arm between the shoulder and elbow, which has paralysed the left hand.`
`Ran away, my negro man named Simon. He has been shot badly, in his back and right arm.`
`Ran away, a negro named Arthur. Has a considerable scar across his breast and each arm, made by a knife; loves to talk much of the goodness of God.`
`Twenty-five dollars reward for my man Isaac. He has a scar on his forehead, caused by a blow; and one on his back, made by a shot from a pistol.`
`Ran away, a negro girl called Mary. Has a small scar over her eye, a good many teeth missing, the letter A is branded on her cheek and forehead.`
`Ran away, negro Ben. Has a scar on his right hand; his thumb and forefinger being injured by being shot last fall. A part of the bone came out. He has also one or two large scars on his back and hips.`
`Detained at the jail, a mulatto, named Tom. Has a scar on the right cheek, and appears to have been burned with powder on the face.`
`Ran away, a negro man named Ned. Three of his fingers are drawn into the palm of his hand by a cut. Has a scar on the back of his neck, nearly half round, done by a knife.`
`Was committed to jail, a negro man. Says his name is Josiah. His back very much scarred by the whip; and branded on the thigh and hips in three or four places, thus (J M). The rim of his right ear has been bit or cut off.`
`Fifty dollars reward, for my fellow Edward. He has a scar on the corner of his mouth, two cuts on and under his arm, and the letter E on his arm.`
`Ran away, negro boy Ellie. Has a scar on one of his arms from the bite of a dog.`
`Ran away, from the plantation of James Surgette, the following negroes: Randal, has one ear cropped; Bob, has lost one eye; Kentucky Tom, has one jaw broken.`
`Ran away, Anthony. One of his ears cut off, and his left hand cut with an axe.`
`Fifty dollars reward for the negro Jim Blake. Has a piece cut out of each ear, and the middle finger of the left hand cut off to the second joint.`
`Ran away, a negro woman named Maria. Has a scar on one side of her cheek, by a cut. Some scars on her back.`
`Ran away, the Mulatto wench Mary. Has a cut on the left arm, a scar on the left shoulder, and two upper teeth missing.`
I should say, perhaps, in explanation of this latter piece of description, that among the other blessings which public opinion secures to the negroes, is the common practice of violently punching out their teeth. To make them wear iron collars by day and night, and to worry them with dogs, are practices almost too ordinary to deserve mention.
`Ran away, my man Fountain. Has holes in his ears, a scar on the right side of his forehead, has been shot in the hind part of his legs, and is marked on the back with the whip.`
`Two hundred and fifty dollars reward for my negro man Jim. He is much marked with shot in his right thigh. The shot entered on the outside, halfway between the hip and knee joints.`
`Brought to jail, John. Left ear cropt.`
`Taken up, a negro man. Is very much scarred about the face and body, and has the left ear bit off.`
`Ran away, a black girl, named Mary. Has a scar on her cheek, and the end of one of her toes cut off.`
`Ran away, my Mulatto woman, Judy. She has had her right arm broke.`
`Ran away, my negro man, Levi. His left hand has been burnt, and I think the end of his forefinger is off.`
`Ran away, a negro man, NAMED WASHINGTON. Has lost a part of his middle finger, and the end of his little finger.`
`Twenty-five dollars reward for my man John. The tip of his nose is bit off.`
`Twenty-five dollars reward for the negro slave, Sally. Walks AS THOUGH crippled in the back.`
`Ran away, Joe Dennis. Has a small notch in one of his ears.`
`Ran away, negro boy, Jack. Has a small crop out of his left ear.`
`Ran away, a negro man, named Ivory. Has a small piece cut out of the top of each ear.`
There's a lot more; see this site:
http://www.underthesun.cc/Classics/Dickens/americannotes/americannotes18.htm
All of this is suported by what Bruce Catton wrote:
"Lincoln said at Springfield on June 18 that the condition of the Negroes in the United States had deteriorated sharply since the era of the fathers, "and their ultimate destiny has never appeared so hopeless as in the last three or four years"
And yet harshness was no real part of the temper of Americans of the South, who differed no whit from Americans of the North. The main excitant impulse was fear, and they wanted to protect the institution, not to penalize the individual. It was because the free Negro menaced the institution, because manumission undermined it, because all self-help systems for the slave corroded It, that pro- slavery men urged new legislation. Their object was not to surround slavery with an atmosphere of terror. It was to shore up an institution built on quick- sand and battered bv all the forces of world sentiment and emergent industrialism.
Ruffin was personally the kindliest of masters. The unhappy fact was that it had become impossible to safeguard slavery without brutal violence to countless individuals; either the institution had to be given up, or the brutality committed.
The legislators of Louisiana and Arkansas, of Alabama and Georgia, with humane men like Ruffin and the Eastern Shore planters of Maryland, had faced this alternative. They had chosen the institution. The Richmond Examiner stated their choice in unflinching language:
It is all an hallucination to suppose that we are ever going to get rid of slavery, or that it will ever be desirable to do so. It is a thing that we cannot do without;that is righteous, profitable, and permanent, and that belongs to Southern society as inherently, intrinsically, and durably as the white race itself. Southern men should act as if the canopy of heaven were inscribed with a covenant, in letters of fire, >that the negro is here, and here forever—is our property, and ours forever—is never to be emancipated—is to be kept hard at work and in rigid subjection all his days.
This has the ring of the Richmond publicise Fitzhugh, and would have been repudiated by many Southerners. But Jefferson Davis said, July 6, 1859, "There is not probably an intelligent mind among our own citizens who doubts either the moral or the legal right of the institution of African slavery." Senator A. G. ' Brown said September 4, 1858, that he wanted Cuban, Mexican, and Central American territory for slavery; "I would spread the blessings of slavery . . . to the uttermost ends of the earth." Such utterances treated slavery as permanent, and assumed that it must be defended at every point."
-- "The Coming Fury" by Bruce Catton
Walt
`Ran away, negro boy, Jack. Has a small crop out of his left ear.`
`Ran away, a negro man, named Ivory. Has a small piece cut out of the top of each ear.`
Those ear notches must have been part of the excellent medical attention those plantation owners gave their african workers