It is not friction. The moon pulls a bulge in the ocean. Because the earth rotates faster than the moon orbits the earth, this bulge is ahead of the moon. This bulge pulls the moon to go faster and the moon pulls on the bulge, slowing the earth.
Basically, any object inside geosynchronous orbit will slow down itself and speed up the earth. Outside and the object will gain energy and slow down the earth. One of the 2 martian moons is inside geosync orbit and will crash into mars. Our moon is outside geosync orbit and eventually will drift away.
Not quite. It is called "friction" due to friction of the ocean tides on the Earth. These cause the Earth to slow down and thusly, the Moon to recede.
Basically, any object inside geosynchronous orbit will slow down itself and speed up the earth. Outside and the object will gain energy and slow down the earth. One of the 2 Martian moons is inside geosync orbit and will crash into mars. Our moon is outside geosync orbit and eventually will drift away.
Not quite. A decaying orbit will cause a satellite to speed up, however, that is a function of Kepler's three laws. A satellites decay is mostly caused by solar wind or atmospheric drag.
What you are thinking of is called the Roche limit. This is the limit where a satellite (moon) can be torn apart from the tidal forces of the parent body it is orbiting. This is not necessarily at geosynchronous. You are correct that Phobos, one of the Martian moons is inside the Roche limit.