In the history of the Supreme Court, two Chief Justices and six Associate Justices have received recess appointments. They were all subsequently confirmed for full terms with the exception of Chief Justice John RutledgeThis document -> http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/50146.pdf says there were 12 recess appointments, likely some of which were "repeat" for the same individual, and confirms that of these, only 1 (Rutledge) was not eventually confirmed.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Eisenhower was the last President to use the recess appointment power for a SCOTUS position, and the Senate promulgated a resolution expressing its opposition to the practice in the future.
That link is an excellent reference for the entire process, by the way. Repeat:
Supreme Court Justice Confirmation Process CRS-RL31989.pdf
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/50146.pdf
Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-2004
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31171.pdf