Palestine was the Roman designation for the coastal area which is now Israel and Lebanon; like describing the area of New England.
No, Judea was. Precipitating and in the aftermath of the third great revolt,
the Bar Kochba rebellion, of 132-135, the Romans tried to deJudaise Judea. For a time teaching of the Torah was forbidden and many scholars were killed, often burned alive. Not only was the land colonized but, Jews were essentially expelled from many Roman towns in Judea. The Romans then renamed Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina" and put a pagan temple on it. While no one calls Jerusalem by the Roman imposed attempt at cultural genocide, people still use their appelation for Israel.