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The Middle East's Tribal Affliction
Frontpagemagazine ^ | 1-22-08 | Daniel Pipes

Posted on 01/22/2008 5:24:45 AM PST by SJackson

The Middle East's Tribal Affliction

 

By Daniel Pipes
FrontPageMagazine.com | Tuesday, January 22, 2008

Why is the Middle East so at odds with modern life, laggard in everything from literacy to standard of living, from military prowess to political development?

A profound new book by Philip Carl Salzman, professor at McGill University, with the deceptively plain title Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (Prometheus), offers a bold and original interpretation of Middle Eastern problems.

An anthropologist, Salzman begins by sketching out the two patterns of rule that historically have dominated the Middle East: tribal autonomy and tyrannical centralism. The former pattern, he argues, is distinctive to the region and key to understanding it. Tribal self-rule is based on what Salzman calls balanced opposition, a mechanism whereby those Middle Easterners living in deserts, mountains, and steppes protect life and limb by relying on their extended families.

This immensely intricate and subtle system boils down to (1) each person counting on paternal relatives (called agnates) for protection and (2) equal-sized units of agnates confronting each other. Thus, a nuclear family faces off against another nuclear family, a clan faces a clan, and so on, up to the meta-tribal level. As the well-known Middle Eastern adage sums up these confrontations, "I against my brother, I and my brothers against my cousins, I and my brothers and my cousins against the world."

On the positive side, affiliation solidarity allows for a dignified independence from repressive states. Negatively, it implies unending conflict; each group has multiple sworn enemies and feuds often carry on for generations.

Tribal autonomy has driven Middle Eastern history, as the great historian Ibn Khaldun observed over six centuries ago. When a government faltered, large tribal confederations would form, leave their arid badlands and seize control of the cities and agricultural lands. Having seized the state, tribes exploited their power unabashedly to forward their own interests, cruelly exploiting their subject population, until they in turn faltered and the cycle started anew.

Salzman's tour de force lies in updating Ibn Khaldun, demonstrating how the dual pattern of tribal self-rule and tyrannical centralism continues to define life in the Middle East, and using it to explain the region's most characteristic features, such as autocracy, political mercilessness, and economic stagnancy. It accounts, likewise, for the war of annihilation against Israel and, more generally, Islam's "bloody borders" – the widespread hostility toward non-Muslims.

The dual pattern even explains key aspects of Middle Eastern family life. The imperative to aggregate more agnates than one's neighbors, Salzman argues, means developing tactics to outnumber their male progeny. This has several implications:

This last point suggests that balanced opposition largely accounts for the well-known Middle Eastern custom of "honor killing," whereby brothers murder sisters, cousins murder cousins, fathers murder daughters, and sons murder mothers. Significantly, the woman's indiscretions are tolerated within the family and lead to murders almost only when they become known outside the family.

More broadly, balanced opposition means the Middle East lacks abstract principles by which to measure actions "against general criteria, irrespective of the affiliation of particular actors." Instead, intense particularism requires a family member to support a closer relative against a farther one, regardless of who may be at fault. Tribesmen and subjects, not citizens, populate the region. That most Middle Easterners retain this us-versus-them mentality dooms universalism, the rule of law, and constitutionalism. Trapped by these ancient patterns, Salzman writes, Middle Eastern societies "perform poorly by most social, cultural, economic, and political criteria." As the region fails to modernize, it falls steadily further behind.

It can advance only by breaking the archaic system of affiliation solidarity. "This is possible not through the replacement of traditional groups by newly conceived groups [such as political parties], but by the replacement of groups by individuals." Individualism will make headway among Middle Easterners, however, only when "what they are for is more important than whom they are against."

That fundamental change may take decades or even centuries to accomplish. But Salzman's deep analysis makes it possible to understand the region's strange affliction and to identify its solution.


 


TOPICS: Editorial; Foreign Affairs; War on Terror
KEYWORDS: middleeast; muslimwomen; tribes; wot

1 posted on 01/22/2008 5:24:46 AM PST by SJackson
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To: dennisw; Cachelot; Nix 2; veronica; Catspaw; knighthawk; Alouette; Optimist; weikel; Lent; GregB; ..
If you'd like to be on this middle east/political ping list, please FR mail me.

High Volume. Articles on Israel can also be found by clicking on the Topic or Keyword Israel. or WOT [War on Terror]

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2 posted on 01/22/2008 5:27:28 AM PST by SJackson (If 45 million children had lived, they'd be defending America, filling jobs, paying SS-Z. Miller)
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To: SJackson
If a person can like or dislike another based on what tribe they come from, then they will do the same based on what your last name is, or what your ancestral nationality is. They are definitely going to have a problem with your religion and skin color. There are a couple of words that get thrown around loosely in this country that best describe these traits.
3 posted on 01/22/2008 5:55:41 AM PST by Dixie Yooper (Ephesians 6:11)
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To: Dixie Yooper

That’s what I think gangs are - tribes. Some are reverting to a primitive social structure.


4 posted on 01/22/2008 5:59:47 AM PST by Pining_4_TX
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To: SJackson
Why is the Middle East so at odds with modern life, laggard in everything from literacy to standard of living, from military prowess to political development?

One word:

ISLAM

(Islam barred the advancement from tribal society and primitive lifestyles, and has held the Middle East captive for 1400 years--with the exception of Dubai and their gigantic island-building projects, and of Turkey where there is no state religion. Get rid of Islam, and the Middle East will be free to enter into the 21st century.)
5 posted on 01/22/2008 7:41:57 AM PST by G8 Diplomat (Creatures are divided into 6 kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, Protista, & Saudi Arabia)
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To: G8 Diplomat

...of course, it’s not like there’s no family-based control of American politics—remember the Bush, Clinton, and Kennedy clans?

In the ME it’s much worse of course (well, it’s tough to be worse than the Clintoon, but you get my point). Arab last names are based on the tribe or family they come from, i.e. al-Somethingrather or bin(t) Somebody. Just about all societies originally had family-based last names, i.e. -son in English, Mac in Irish, etc. but we’ve moved on from clan mentalities.


6 posted on 01/22/2008 7:47:22 AM PST by G8 Diplomat (Creatures are divided into 6 kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, Protista, & Saudi Arabia)
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To: SJackson
Beyond the Cusp covered this subject back in November 2007 in the article titled "It Takes More Than a Village or Clan or Tribe or Sect. Thank you for giving this article consideration.
7 posted on 01/22/2008 6:50:29 PM PST by bsaunders
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To: SJackson

Thanks. Looks like it might be one for my book shelf.


8 posted on 01/23/2008 6:28:35 AM PST by Valin
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