The concept of state’s rights goes back to the founding of our nation, despite your erroneous statements to the contrary.
“When all government, domestic and foreign, in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the center of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another, and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated.”
Thomas Jefferson
Then you should have no trouble finding explicit reference to "states' rights" in the 1789 timeframe.
And yet your Jefferson quote is devoid of any notion that governments possess rights.
The fact remains that the federal government has powers, and the state governments have powers, and the questions regarding federalism rest on the allocation of these powers.
The notion that the state governments have "rights" the way citizens have rights remains pure foolishness.