Just explain how evolution is falsifiable if you believe it is science. The only explanation I have ever seen was if the fossil record was found out of order, and it has been, and it is always rationalized away in the most illogical ways:
Are the Oldest Rocks Always On the Bottom?
Evolutionary geology is built around the presupposition that our earth consists of layers of rock found in succession as they were deposited over aeons of time; that the very oldest rocks, containing no fossils, are at the bottom; that the “Archeozoic” rocks contain only “simple” life forms; that “Mesazoic” rocks contain ever more complex life forms until one arrives at the most “recent” strata, such as the ice ages (Eocene, Miocene, Pleistocene, and so on), where one finds mammoths and man.
Further, evolutionary hypotheses are based upon the supposition that all these rocks were laid down over vast aeons of time; that the fossils in the rocks were not laid down suddenly, as a result of great catastrophes, like a worldwide flood! Catastrophism, or the evidence that mass death and sudden extinction of species occurred, is anathema to many evolutionists.
Evolutionists are fond of arranging the fossils from “simple to complex” in museums and in illustrations in textbooks. There are insurmountable difficulties with the so-called “geologic succession of strata,” however. Let’s take a look at only a few of them.
First, there is no place on earth where the entire geologic succession of strata can be found. Obviously, the concept of the earth’s sedimentary rocks being found in orderly form, from most ancient to most recent, is impossible to begin with. Where did the rocks come from?
Rocks are either sedimentary (water deposited), metamorphic (formed by changes caused by faulting, pressure, and so on), or igneous (volcanic). Since there are no fossils in igneous rocks, and since there are virtually no fossils in metamorphic rocks, scientists are limited to investigating the water-borne deposits, such as limestone and shale, to establish an age for the strata.
The strata are dated according to the fossils found in them.The fossils are dated according to the strata in which they are found. Does that sound rather arbitrary? It is. As we shall see, evolutionary geology immediately discards data facts-evidence in the amount of billions of tons of rock, whole mountain ranges, mammoth regions of the earth, where the fossils found in the rocks contradict their theories.
True science always alters the theory to accept proven facts. Not so with evolution. Facts—tons upon tons of them—are ignored in order to cling to a foolish theory. To illustrate this point, let’s get right to one of the most poignant, and embarrassing, proofs.
“Upside Down”
When you walk into your bedroom and see the bed made, you probably suppose your wife spread the sheet on the bed prior to the cover, and the cover prior to the bedspread. She would look a little silly putting the bedspread on first, and then burrowing beneath it, attempting to spread the sheet. If she had done so, out of caprice, there would probably be evidence pointing to the fact, for it would be virtually impossible to do a neat job unless she once again straightened the bedspread.
When you view layers of rock as exposed in highway cuts, canyons (like the Grand Canyon of Arizona) and river banks, and you see massive layers, sometimes twenty or thirty feet thick, seemingly as smooth and cohesive as if they had been mixed in a blender, lying conformably atop each other in orderly succession, it is logical to assume the layers on the bottom (if no evidence of faulting, such as tilted, fractured strata, isoclines, geosynclines, and so on, is present) were deposited first, then the ones immediately above them, and, lastly, the layer on the top.
You would be quite correct, of course. However, evolutionists often tell us we are wrong to assume the younger strata are always atop older strata. Why? Because the fossils found in so-called “younger” strata are often found BENEATH so-called “older” strata. When this occurs, as it quite frequently does, evolutionists become incredibly inventive. In order to tenaciously cling to their theories, they seek to explain away billions of tons of contrary evidence. In many places on earth, their arrangement of fossils is challenged by miles of rocks where the fossils are out of proper order, sometimes “upside down.” Not that they are really “upside down,” please note, but that it appears “older” fossils are found in rocks above “younger” fossils, when these “older” fossils were supposedly extinct for millions of years! Yet, the layers appear undisturbed! Problem! The rocks appear to have been smoothly laid down, and are conformable to each other, showing no evidence of massive faulting, over thrusts, or any other activity.
What kind of force would be required to superpose massive layers of rock, weighing millions of tons, atop other layers? Why, the kind of forces associated with mountain-building: over thrusts, isoclines, synclines, massive earthquakes on a scale never experienced in the history of mankind—the kind of earthquakes which caused the upheavals of the Alps, the Andes, Himalayas, and the Rocky Mountains, all of which have fossil shells at their highest elevations, showing they were once covered by shallow seas.
Any such movement of vast land masses would cause grinding, crushing destruction of the rocks closest to the moving layers, reforming them into “metamorphic” rocks, destroying most, if not all, fossils. Certainly, there could not survive such delicate fossil forms as worm tracks, ferns and leafs, ripple marks, and the like. Even a layman could look at two layers of rock, and determine if “slickensides” and various metamorphosed rocks were present, showing clear evidence of massive movement.
But what if the layer of rock (stratum) containing the so-called “older” fossils, and the stratum containing the so-called “younger” fossils beneath it show absolutely no evidence of any twisting, faulting, or movement? What if there is perfect conformity between them? You and I know that when mud is deposited by flooding, then gradually hardens, it begins to crack. Then, it erodes. Animals walk about upon it. Wind blows. Summer storms come along. In other words, any deposit of alluvial soil, slowly drying as the water which carried it there recedes, will show obvious evidence of the passage of time. Especially when that “time” is assumed to be measured in the millions or even billions of years!
Yet, in many cases, the two layers with their so-called “upside down” fossil record are lying perfectly, smoothly, uninterruptedly together, as if the tide of mud which had deposited the bottom layer had no sooner receded when another flow of different mud, containing different forms of life, came from another direction and was deposited immediately atop it. As if, obviously, the life forms imprisoned within the two layers of mud lived contemporaneously, and died in the same catastrophe, instead of the life form atop the other being millions of years “older” then the “younger” fossil form beneath!
Any forensic scientist, when presented with such folly during a murder trial, would rip it apart in seconds. No jury would ever say, as do evolutionists, that the fossils in the upper layer are obviously millions of years older than the fossils beneath them!
When one cannot even slip a thin knife between two smoothly-mixed layers of sandstone; when there is absolutely no evidence of any erosion, or overthrust faulting (which would crush the rock, grind it, metamorphose it, and cause a completely different kind of rock structure), then one must assume the rocks were deposited exactly as they appear—the older on the bottom, and the younger on the top, like your sheet and bedspread.
It must irritate evolutionists to no end that there are many, many places in our earth where supposedly “older” fossils are found ON TOP of supposedly “younger” fossils. Encountering these puzzling occurrences caused evolutionary geologists, long ago, to invent excuses as to how such an embarrassing aberration could have come to pass. Further, evolutionary geologists assert that such strata are merely guilty of “deceptive conformity.”
How do evolutionists arrive at such a conclusion? Once locked in to their theory, once denying there could have been zoological provinces containing vastly different species (such as coelacanths and man) contemporaneously, once insisting that their supposed “geologic succession of strata” is correct, they stolidly refuse to alter the theory to suit the facts.
Instead, they ignore the facts, or twist them into grotesque shapes, then invent incredible fairy tales, which are fallacious on their face, in order to cling to their empty theories. That this is patently dishonest, and anything but “scientific,” seems not to bother them in the least. Like mesmerized, wide-eyed fanatics listening to a demented cult leader, they plod along their chosen path zombie-like, refusing to listen to logic or reason, denying what their own eyes plainly tell them.
Now, how do evolutionists know which fossil forms are “oldest”? Supposedly, because they are found “on the bottom,” or in that layer of rock lying atop ancient granites and schists, the oldest layer containing fossils. But evolutionists have not truly found the “bottom” layer!
Which Layer of Fossil-Bearing Rock is on the Bottom?
Which stratum is the oldest of all fossil-bearing rock, and therefore (according to evolution) contains the “earliest” and “simplest” of all life forms?
Long ago, evolutionists used the order of fossils found in a few regions in Western Europe and New York State to establish their evolutionary column. They have assumed that fossil forms of ancient life are invariably found in the same order all over the world.
Such is not the case. In fact, evolutionary geologists have not yet determined, with any degree of certainty, which layer of rock is the “bottom” insofar as the fossil record is concerned.
As an eminent geologist says: “For any given limited locality, where stratigraphy can be followed out, the lowest beds are certainly the oldest. But we can make no progress by such a method when we come to deal with the world at large, for actual stratigraphical relationships can be proved over only very limited areas.
“These beds may be the lowest in this locality, may rest on the granite or crystalline schists, and have every appearance of antiquity. But other beds containing very different fossils, are in precisely this position elsewhere, and where stratigraphical order can no more prove the relative age of their fossils than the overlap of scales on a fish proves those at the tail to be older than those at the head” (Evolutionary Geology and the New Catastrophism, by Price: p. 78,).
Price goes on to show how “any kind of fossiliferous rock whatever, even ‘young’ Tertiary rocks, may rest upon the Archaean or Azoic series, or may themselves be almost wholly metamorphosed or crystalline, thus resembling in position and outward appearance the so-called ‘oldest’ rocks” (ibid., p. 79).
In his chapter on “Finding Bottom,” Price concludes, “I see no escape from the acknowledgment that the doctrine of any particular fossils’ being essentially older than others is a pure invention, with absolutely nothing in nature to support it” (ibid., P. 87).
Evolutionary geology operates on a false assumption that the layers of rock on the earth are invariably found in the same order, like the layers of an onion. Obviously the whole world is not like an onion, with the oldest rocks on the bottom, progressing upward until arriving at the most “recent” rocks, for the earth is round, after all, and each layer of sedimentary rock was water borne, and had to come from some other area, where the materials the water carried were scoured by massive floods, tides, rivers, and so on. Logically, the area so scoured is now absent the exact amount of materials when were deposited elsewhere.
“Bottom” is naturally where there are no fossils in evidence, according to evolutionary theory. Bottom means, usually, “bedrock” of granite and various schists; metamorphic rock, atop which one finds sedimentary rock, containing various fossil forms. But, as Price proves: “Since the life-succession theory [evolution] rests logically and historically on the biological form of Werner’s onion-coat notion that only certain kinds of rocks (fossils) are to be found at the ‘bottom,’ or next to the Archaean, or Primitive, and it is now acknowledged everywhere that any kind of rocks whatever may be thus situated [including Tertiary rocks, containing fossils of mammoths and men!], it is as clear as sunlight that the life-succession theory rests logtheory and historically on a myth, and that there is no way of proving what kind of fossil was buried first” (ibid., p. 87).
In spite of such overwhelming evidence, evolutionists cling to their false theory. Students who intend entering the teaching field in the subjects of anthropology or paleontology are not taught from books such as those by Nelson, Price, Whitcomb and Morris, and a host of others. They are never told about such books, which are dismissed, completely ignored, by evolutionary geologists.
Yet, there are many studious works which completely dismantle the evolutionary theory. Outstanding examples are Darwin On Trial, by Phillip E. Johnson, published by Regnery Gateway, Washington, D.C., and Evolution—Possible or Impossible? by James E Coppedge, published by Zondenran, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Price conclusively shows, most of the rocks of our earth prove great catastrophes occurred in the past; and most of the sedimentary rocks, including miles and miles of coal beds, show very recent catastrophes, such as massive floods. Only a fool would ignore the obvious message of the rocks. It requires, on the average, about a forty foot thick layer of vegetation, ripped up, and water borne to then be crushed beneath subsequent layers of mud to form a seam of coal only one foot thick. Coal beds prove gargantuan catastrophes in the past, as do many, many other strata, such as marbles, which are sometimes formed from solid masses of sea bottom life.
But now, another of evolution’s inventive excuses: When they find their fossil record out of order, even though there is no evidence of any faulting or overthrusts to explain how “older” strata ended up atop “younger” strata, they tell their students this is a “deception”! Their stolid refusal to see the truth before their eyes reminds one of the cultic blatherings of a Jim Jones.
Why Are the Rocks “Out of Order”?
Look at the charts which show the so-called geologic succession of strata, and the assumed arrangements of fossil life found in the rocks.
Then, imagine the difficulty to a young, enthusiastic believer in evolution who reported his findings along a railway cut in Canada. He wrote: “East of the main divide the Lower Carboniferous is overlaid in places by beds of Lower Cretaceous age, and here again, although the two formations differ so widely in respect to age [?], one overlies the other without any perceptible break, and the separation of one from the other is rendered more difficult by the fact that the upper beds of the Carboniferous are lithologically almost precisely like those of the Cretaceous [above them]. Were it not for fossil evidence, one would naturally suppose that a single formation was being dealt with.”
Of course. But, because of the “fossil evidence,” these geologists decided that, even though one bed of rock containing “older” fossils lay atop another bed of rock containing “younger” fossils without any perceptible break; even though they were lithologically almost precisely like those...above them, they had to deny what their own eyes told them, and cling to their utterly false system of dating the fossils.
Therefore, though their conclusion was contrary to all observable facts involving millions of tons of rock, they clung to their theory, and discarded the facts.
This is commonplace among evolutionary geologists. It is also dishonest.
The truth is that the so-called “geologic succession of strata” claimed by evolutionists to have been laid down over immense aeons of time—was laid down very rapidly, almost simultaneously! This fact, proved by countless billions of tons of evidence in the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the Himalayas-all over the world—completely destroys the evolutionary hypothesis that life gradually evolved from “simple to complex.”
“Deceptive Conformity”
All over the world, massive examples of so-called “deceptive conformity” exist. Evolutionary geologists would have us believe nature is “deceiving” us by having deposited in perfectly even, smooth, conformable fashion fossil-bearing strata containing so-called “older” fossil life forms atop much “younger” strata. It is not the strata which are upside down, but the theories of evolutionists.
Study the “geologic succession of strata” carefully as you note the following:
(1) In Wyoming, a massive section of mountain consisting of Ordovician strata (dated, of course, by the fossils found therein) is found resting conformably atop Tertiary strata. Ordovician is supposedly more than 900 million years old, while Tertiary is a mere 100 million years old! Eight hundred million years supposedly passed between these layers, which are allegedly upside down, with the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic all missing between them!
How could this be? How could hundreds of millions of years pass with no evidence of rains, winds, floods, or erosion?
No such thing occurred. The rocks are telling the truth. Evolutionists are not.
(2) In Montana, a vast layer ofAlgonkian (pre-Cambrian, and thus allegedly more than 1 billion years old) rests conformably atop Cretaceous strata.
(3) In Alberta, Canada, the same incredible phenomenon is observed, with Algonkian atop Cretaceous.
(4) In Switzerland, Tertiary is below Jurassic, which is below Permian, with no evidence of erosion, faulting, tilting, upthrusts, overthrusts or any other dynamic action to account for such a situation. There are literally thousands of such cases, all over the world (see The Deluge Story In Stone, by Nelson, pp. 137-151 ff).
Nelson says: “The different ‘ages’ when strata are supposed by modern geologists to have been laid on the sea bottoms are named in order in the so-called geological column...since the one ‘age’ supposedly followed the other, the strata of each ‘age’ should follow the other in regular order. So one would naturally think. But strata which are said by modern geologists to be of ‘Carboniferous Age’ Ecoal-bearing] are, it is admitted by them, found to rest in many places on the earth on suata of ‘Ordovician Age, and suata of ‘Pleistocene Age’ found to rest on strata of ‘Permian Age,’ and strata of ‘Cretaceous Age’ on strata of ‘Devonian Age,’ evenly and smoothly...where such things occur, i.e., where two strata, supposed to have been deposited in ‘ages’ that did not follow one another in natural succession, modem geologists say there exists ‘deceptive conformity”’ (Ibid., p. 150,151).
Deceptive? How so? The evidence of the rocks, the evidence of massive mountains, and whole ranges of them is positive, absolute. Whether layman or professional geologists, the layers cry out, “We were deposited in precisely the fashion you see us now!” But because evolutionary geologists find fossils from socalled “older” strata, bearing trilobites and other “very ancient” life forms on top of Cretaceous strata, bearing fossils from very “recent” ages, such as horses, mammoths, camels, and the like, they insist the mountains are lying to them, “deceiving” them! One can only marvel at this kind of cultic, superstitious “faith” in an empty theory—marvel at the blind stupidity of human beings who will deny what their own eyes tell them.
It is proved beyond the shadow of doubt that the “geologic succession of strata” which is like an evolutionist’s Old Testament, is absolutely false!
All over the world, there are millions of tons of evidence which utterly destroy the neat arrangement of strata, and the ages attached to them.
Yet, the chart remains, like the idols of savages, the tarot cards of wizards, and the assertions by medieval “scientists” that flies came into existence by “spontaneous generation.”
No doubt, you will be reading in your newspapers or seeing on television within a few weeks information about the latest discovery: a bone, or part of a skeleton of yet another dinosaur, or some fragment of human remains.
You will be confidently told of its incredibly great age. You will be told how it fits into the evolutionary pattern.
When you do, ask yourself a few questions. Where did they find the bone? How far down was it? In what “stratum” was it allegedly lying’! What life forms were above it, and below it? How was its age established?
If it was established by the so-called “geologic succession of strata,” you are watching just so much entertainment, complete fiction.
Basic evolution is fully falsifiable -- evolution defined as:
Of course, such "proof" is impossible, since descent with modification is easily observed and confirmed.
And that means, in terms of scientific language that "descent with modification" is not just a theory, it's a confirmed fact.
And, of course, such "proof" is also impossible, since Natural Selection is easily observed and confirmed.
And that means, in terms of scientific language that "Natural Selection" is not just a theory, it is also a confirmed fact.
So the two elements of term "evolution" -- descent with modifications and natural selection -- are not just scientific theories, they are also confirmed facts.
Further, the long-term accumulated effects of evolution -- the development of new breeds, species, genera, etc. -- could also be falsified simply by providing some sort of proof that evolutionary changes cannot extend beyond some certain, defined limit.
Yes, of course, there are natural limits to evolution.
For example, only new modifications which somehow "work better" than the previous model (or at least "well enough") will survive Natural Selection.
As a result there is no possible way for, say, insects to evolve into frogs -- or visa versa.
But a frog which lays its eggs in the water could evolve into a closely related animal which lays its eggs on dry land -- something reptilian.
That's what evolution theory says, and also what the fossil and DNA records show.
big black dog: "The only explanation I have ever seen was if the fossil record was found out of order, and it has been, and it is always rationalized away in the most illogical ways:"
I'd say: if your attached article is a typical example, then it's the criticisms of science which are "most illogical".
In truth, I can barely stand to read stuff like that -- it is so false, so full of b*ll cr*p it makes me spitting mad.
Those people have no shame. Where do we even start?
Well, I'll give it a try:
article: "Are the Oldest Rocks Always On the Bottom?"
No, of course not. Continents move, mountains rise and erode, layers of rocks get deformed, twisted, sometimes bent back on themselves -- where I live everyone can see all this on any road-cut through a mountainside.
So you do sometimes see younger layers folded underneath older layers. And it's science's job to figure all this stuff out -- that's not "rationalization," it's what science does.
article: "Catastrophism, or the evidence that mass death and sudden extinction of species occurred, is anathema to many evolutionists."
What nonsense!
Evidence of catastrophes and sudden extinctions are scattered throughout the geological and fossil record -- only the most well known of them being the catastrophe which extinguished dinosaurs 65 million years ago, allowing for the rise of mammals, primates, etc.
That's the most famous, but there were many others.
article: "First, there is no place on earth where the entire geologic succession of strata can be found."
A bogus assumption to begin with.
All geological strata were laid down in each specific place at specific times according to specific local conditions.
Many were then modified (i.e., heated & compressed), inclined, bent and partially or wholly eroded away, again according local conditions.
The remaining stratigraphic record, then, is what it is -- a complete record of certain conditions over time.
Read carefully, it tells a lot, including the fossils of organisms which died there.
article: "The strata are dated according to the fossils found in them.
The fossils are dated according to the strata in which they are found. Does that sound rather arbitrary? It is."
Utterly false.
There are literally dozens of different ways for dating ancient materials -- perhaps the most significant of which are radiometric techniques, of which there are nearly two dozen.
But in dating anything, context is everything. Many strata are complex mixtures of ancient geological events, and understanding them correctly takes every tool in the geological tool box.
And that's just science, not "rationalizing."
article: "As we shall see, evolutionary geology immediately discards data facts-evidence in the amount of billions of tons of rock, whole mountain ranges, mammoth regions of the earth, where the fossils found in the rocks contradict their theories."
Total nonsense and mischaracterizations.
Indeed, as I read down through the article's endless yammering b*ll cr*p, I notice it does not cite even one specific example of crimes it claims routinely happen in geology.
That is just not acceptable argumentation.
In reality, the earth is full of mysteries, but there are no specific examples I know of which are not explained by careful science.
article: "But what if the layer of rock (stratum) containing the so-called “older” fossils, and the stratum containing the so-called “younger” fossils beneath it show absolutely no evidence of any twisting, faulting, or movement? What if there is perfect conformity between them?"
First of all, in the processes of mountain building strata do get turned over, and many ancient mountains once stood where now there are now only flat plains.
In the long age of the earth, mountains are temporary features which can rise and fall in a geological eye-blink.
Indeed, my house sits in a valley where there was once a mountain top.
But softer rock eroded faster, leaving a valley surrounded by hills which were once at the mountain's bottom
Second, all this talk about "older" and "younger" rocks or fossils is meaningless without specifics, of what kind of rocks, what kind of fossils and how were they dated.
article: "It must irritate evolutionists to no end that there are many, many places in our earth where supposedly “older” fossils are found ON TOP of supposedly “younger” fossils."
No it doesn't, not in the least, especially once it's understood.
And I'm going to stop here, because the article's endless nonsense just goes on and on and on without ever making a valid point.
Way, way down at the bottom the article finally mentions a few examples, which it claims are impossible.
But it makes no effort to provide even the most basic of real scientific data about those examples.
So I'd reject the whole article as being specious at best, maliciously false at worst.
Here is the bottom line: buried away in universities and museums all over the world are serious geological studies of virtually every important formation on earth.
If anyone were seriously interested in the examples the article cites, those would be places to begin investigating.