No stack on deck, is it diesel powered?
I feel for the Australians and any company trying to operate fixed-wing naval aircraft from carriers with no catapults. With Harriers on the way out and F-35's still in development, there aren't many options.
It uses a combined diesel-electric and gas turbine propulsion system.
About aircraft options for non-catapult users, the Russians have the SU-33 and Mig-29K while Eurofighter recently unveiled a carrier-based variant. Of course these aircraft will be limited in fuel and payload capability and would still require a large flight deck.
Yes there are. The truncated pyramids aft of the fore mast and ahead of the aft mast.