Posted on 03/31/2013 11:03:38 PM PDT by sukhoi-30mki
Cancelled: Britains High-Mach Heartbreak
The TSR-2 bomber was a case of aeronautical genius foiled by political foolishness.
For an American teenager, 1963 was a great year to be living in London. Thanks to my dads job in international marketing, I was a Beatles fan six months before my pals back home knew there was such a thing as a Beatle. And as a budding airplane buff, I had a front-row seat for the emergence of another symbol of British national pride: the TSR-2 supersonic bomber, a twin-engine, low-level hotshot that I thought was the coolest-looking airplane ever.
Shivering in my prep schools unheated library, Id scan Flight International magazine for TSR-2 progress reports. Although over budget and behind schedule even before it flew, the TSR-2, I read, was going to best the General Dynamics F-111, a nuclear-capable jet being developed for the same terrain-hugging mission. The British bomber was crammed with cutting-edge design features like an automatic fuel-transfer system that maintained the airplanes center of gravity as fuel was consumed, and full-span flaps, made more efficient at low speeds by a system that blew engine-bleed air at high speed across them. With these innovations, as well as state-of-the-art radar and electronics, the TSR-2 would re-energize Britains weakened role as a world leader in aviation.
It never happened. Dogged by technical problems, cost overruns, political infighting, and bureaucratic ineptitude, the TSR-2 was cancelled after two dozen test flights. The programs cost: half a billion dollars. When I heard the news, I was crushed. British aviation fans have never gotten over what they consider a cold-blooded murder.
Nearly 50 years later, TSR-2 cultists still talk of conspiracies, coverups, and sinister U.S. efforts to sabotage the project. There was little doubt that America would have a definite interest in seeing the British aviation industry reduced to such a level of ineffectiveness that it would be unable to continue in its present structure, writes aviation historian Frank Barnett-Jones in his 1994 book TSR-2: Phoenix or Folly.
In 1957, the British Air Ministry set down extremely demanding requirements for an airplane to replace the Canberra light bomber: an all-weather, long-range, low-level penetrator that could deliver nuclear or conventional bombs, yet had high-altitude, supersonic dash capability as well. Oh, and one more thing: It would also have to operate from rough, short airfields.
The contract was awarded in 1960 to a consortium of three companies: Canberra manufacturer English Electric; Vickers-Armstrong, builder of the Valiant V-bomber; and engine maker Bristol. In a shotgun wedding, with the air ministry holding the gun, the three firms joined to form the British Aircraft Corporation, or BAC.
English Electric and Vickers-Armstrong, two proud old firms, were former rivals, and from the start there was hostility. Vickers had been named the prime contractor, despite the fact that English Electric had come up with a much more detailed proposalfor an aircraft it called the P.17Ato meet the Air Ministrys 1957 requirements. Moreover, English Electric had already created Britains two most successful military jets, the Canberra and the rakishly swept-wing Lightning fighter. By contrast, the Vickers only military jet, the Valiant, had been a disaster.
Muddled construction logistics for the TSR-2 program seemed to be setting the stage for another. The prototypes front half was designed and built by Vickers at its plant in Weybridge, the rear half by English Electric in Warton, 200 miles away. Despite the unwieldy arrangement, when the two halves were mated in Weybridge in March 1963, they miraculously fit together.
The project also suffered from political controversy. The influential Lord Mountbatten, Britains Chief of Defence Staff and a career Royal Navy man who preferred the Navys subsonic Blackburn Buccaneer, was a TSR-2 foe. And because the TSR-2 contract was awarded during the reign of the Conservative Party, it became a target of the Labour Party, which railed against the bomber as a white-elephant prestige project and colossal waste of the taxpayers money.
It didnt help that the program was struggling to get off the ground. In February 1964, during a ground run in a Vulcan testbed aircraft, a test TSR-2 engine blew up. The Olympus 320-22Rs low-pressure (LP) turbine drive shaft had fractured. Bristol engineers couldnt figure out why, but beefed up the shaft.
Two months later, the first TSR-2 prototype, tail number XR219, was disassembled and the pieces trucked to the United Kingdoms flight test center at Boscombe Down, a messy bit of logistics that delayed the start of testing by three months. During the summer of 1964, pre-flight tests progressed at a disheartening pace. Despite round-the-clock efforts, with engineers and technicians sleeping in tents next to the runway, the complex aircraft was plagued with myriad problems, particularly in the engines and landing gear.
In July, another Olympus blew up on a test standthe fourth failure of the low-pressure turbine shaft.
Desperate to get into the air before the 1964 election and the anticipated Labour victory, the TSR-2 projects top brass summoned test pilot Roland Beamont, a highly decorated fighter pilot, the first British aviator to fly faster than sound, and famous, as Bee, to anyone who could tell a prop from a turbine. We cant promise the engines wont explode above 97 percent power, he was informed. On the other hand, a safe takeoff requires 100 percent power for the first two minutes. What do you think about this, Bee? In a classic display of British stiff-upper-lipness, Beamont agreed to accept the risk of an engine explosion on takeofffor one flight. He later conceded, The first flight was more a political gesture than a logical stage in a professionally conducted technical programme.
And so on September 27, 1964, Beamont taxied the prototype out to Runway 24 at Boscombe Down. With explosion-prone engines, landing gear that wouldnt properly retract, an inoperative automatic fuel balancing system, unusable wing fuel tanks, and only partially functioning air brakesand without automatic flight control and auto-stabilization systemsBeamont took off. I felt we could cope with anything, he later wrote in Phoenix Into Ashes, except perhaps a disintegrating LP shaft.
Fortunately, the LP shafts held together for the required two minutes, and Beamont made two wide circuits of the field with gear down at 7,000 feet, pronouncing the handling qualities marvelous. But immediately upon touchdown, a jackhammer vibration in the landing gear so disoriented him that he nearly lost control. Luckily, after a few seconds the vibration stopped, allowing Beamont to pop the drag chute and bring the airplane to a safe stop. Total flight time: 14 minutes.
With the symbolic first flight out of the way and a doubter or two perhaps mollified, XR219 was laid up for engine replacement and landing gear work. In the interim, the Labour government won the election, and new Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Defence Minister Denis Healey paid a visit to the United States. Among the topics of discussion were the future of the TSR-2, Britains purchase of F-111s, and U.S. support for a desperately needed $8.4 billion loan to Britain from the International Monetary Fund.
Although it has never been proved, some believe the TSR-2s fate was sealed on that trip by an unofficial deal between Healey and U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara: Britain would cancel the TSR-2 and buy the F-111, McNamaras pet fighter-for-all-reasons, in exchange for U.S. backing of the IMF loan. Britain had little option but to comply with Americas conditions and cancel the TSR-2, Barnett-Jones concluded darkly.
On the last day of 1964, shortly after Wilson and Healey returned to London, the TSR-2 made its long-delayed second flight. Although Bristol engineers believed they had finally solved the LP shaft problem, they thoughtfully provided Beamont with two red lights in the cockpit to warn of an impending shaft failure. The lights didnt come on, but shortly after takeoff, the updated starboard engine began to vibrate so severely that Beamonts vision blurred. By jockeying the throttle, he was able to stop the vibration, and returned to land immediately. Once again the landing gear shimmied violently upon touchdown.
When no cause for either problem could be found, the test team tried again two days later. This time, right after takeoff, the two LP-shaft warning lights came on. But the preternaturally cool Beamont correctly dismissed them as false alarms. Moments later, engine no. 2 reprised its eye-blurring other vibration, and the pilot cut the third flight short; it lasted eight minutes, capped by the now-familiar post-touchdown landing-gear shimmy.
The engine vibration turned out to be caused by a faulty fuel pump. Replacing the pump solved the engine problem, but the landing gear continued to misbehave. On the fifth test flight, both two-wheel main gear struts froze in a position that would have allowed only the front wheels to touch on landing. It was not clear that a safe landing was even possible.
Beamont nonchalantly radioed his backseat systems operator, Don Bowen, Okay Don, heres your chance to try out your Martin Baker [ejection seat]. After a long pause came the reply: Youre not going to get rid of me that easily. Beamont proceeded to grease a featherlight landing on the front wheels of the dangling gear, which then rotated into the proper position. The descent rate on touchdown was later determined to have been just six inches per second, a combination of piloting skill and aircraft controllability that perhaps saved the airplane, the crew, and the programfor a while, at least.
Due to a daunting array of glitches and misadjustments, it took five more flights to get the landing gear safely up and locked, a milestone that Beamont celebrated with a 550-mph, low pass down the runway. After five frustrating months and 10 white-knuckle test flights, the TSR-2 was finally flying like a real airplane. For all its mechanical malfunctions, the craft had at least one bright spot: It handled beautifully.
By this time, however, the customer was having second thoughts. An October 1964 Royal Air Force report on the airplane noted the high cost of the TSR-2 as its outstanding and all-pervading shortcoming, but went on to kvetch about other failings, including weapons load and rangethough both exceeded the original RAF requirements.
On the morning of April 6, 1965, the second TSR-2 prototype, XR220, was scheduled to make its maiden flight at Boscombe Down, but a bad fuel pump had needed replacement, so test pilot Jimmy Dell went out for lunch at a social club just up the road in Amesbury. There, on a television set tuned to the Chancellor of the Exchequers annual budget speech, Dell heard the announcement: The TSR-2 program would be cancelled. He rushed back to the airfield, but he was too late. Although XR220 was now ready to fly, the Air Ministry had already impounded the aircraft.
BAC pleaded for a limited test-flight program for the two flyable prototypes, but the Air Ministry refused. The wooden mockup in Warton was transported to the far end of a runway and burned. XR219, the only TSR-2 to have flown, was sent to a gunnery range for vulnerability testingand was eventually shot to pieces.
Two non-flying TSR-2 airframes survived the cancellation and currently reside in museums in Duxford and Cosford. They are the sole remnants of Britains most ambitious technological accomplishment in aviation up to that time.
After three decades of reflection, Roland Beamont concluded, The TSR-2 was simply too much for our industry to cope with. Hes probably right; the once-proud British aircraft industry, racked by massive consolidations, was never the same after the TSR-2s demise. With the exception of the subsonic Harrier jump jet, every RAF and Royal Navy combat aircraft since then has been developed jointly with, or bought from, other countries.
Ironically, after killing the TSR-2, Britain cancelled its plan to buy F-111s from the United States because their price had escalated beyond even what the TSR-2 would have cost. It wasnt until 1980 that the RAF finally acquired an aircraft that could match the TSR-2. The Panavia Tornado, jointly developed by Britain, Germany, and Italy, is still a mainstay of the Royal Air Force, along with another multi-nation product, the brand-new Typhoon. But, oh, what might have been.
David Noland, a lifelong TSR-2 fan, writes about aviation from his home in New Yorks Hudson Valley.
Good as the TSR.2 design was, the plane’s relatively small bomb load (only 10,000 lbs. max) was not a good idea, unless the plane was assigned specifically to the nuclear strike role. The Panavia Tornado could carry almost twice the payload of the TSR.2, and was way better-suited to carry the type of interdiction weapons NATO wanted, namely anti-radiation missiles, bomblets to attack troop formations, and runway-denial bombs.
I am posting these superb BBC and Channel 4 british tv documentaries on British cold war superweapons and groundbreaking aviation, I hope you all enjoy them:
Britain’s Cold War Superweapons, Channel 4:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-x4DwLfcZSk
Jet!: When Britain Ruled the Skies (BBC) part 1:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyaWeAV8wqw
part2:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5E1sie42eM
Bump to read again...and again
So, why oh why o we not use the Valkyrie bomber as a very-high altitude, very high-speed launch plane for medium-sized rocket boosters?
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