I'd argue that your problem employees would have flunked out of those schools. Effort is a wonderful thing, but there's no substitute for native intelligence when it comes to technical fields.
Quite possibly so, but if he had failed out, then he would not have had the elevated expectations of supposedly having MS level credentials, and being incapable of doing the work.
This is the problem with AA as practiced today....it is in reality a "performance reduced" quota system. The same as are women in the military, police, fire occupations.
AA as originally postulated was "supposed" to be based on testing all applicants "equally" and not artificially failing those that happened to be of a higher melanin content.....if it had ever been done that way, then it would have been a great positive.
I’ve made the IQ argument before. I’ve stated if IQ didn’t mean anything, we could go to NASA or other space centers and find rocket scientists with average IQs or worse. I don’t think we’d find that.