Note section 4.1 the development of Merchant banks in medieval Europe and the next paragraph that talks about interest in medieval Europe.
Also see section 6 about 17th century goldsmiths.
End the _federal_reserve_ ; it violates USConstitution and the law of YHVH. It is unequal weights and measures.
It is the _primary_ secular cause of a USGov gone wild, covert, off the rails, lawless, unlimited, pretending to _be_ god.
What’s your point? That people sometimes found ways around the ban on usury? The point of banning Usury was to prevent large scale debt bubbles and as long as it wasn’t done on a large scale, which it wasn’t in Europe then it wasn’t a major problem. Secondly, the article ignores the long history of bankers making investments instead of loans during the middle ages. As we see today and back then it’s investments that create innovation, not loans with interest.