One of the things that I have seen in Afghanistan that no one talks about is the fact that they are a land locked country. Their trade is mainly through one area, the Hindu Kush Mountains from Pakistan. There is another trade route that is opening (it may be open now) that will come through Iran.
Historically, the way cultures have grown and flourished is through trade. Through it, you exchange goods, services and more importantly ideas. None of that has happened to a large portion of Afghanistan so they have remained backwards and set in their ways for hundreds of years. They have the same problems in the Pashtun areas that existed when it butted up against Kiplings Indian northwest frontier. Ultimately education in the Pashtun area will be key to reform in Afghanistan.
What valuable products does Afghanistan have to trade, other than opium?
And jobs. Don't forget jobs...☺