[Little Bill]

All the land areas in the world, as many of us believe, had some population in the period we are discussing, the 8.5 million is too small a number. To remain vialable a population needs a genetic infusion now and then, exogamy and wife stealing were two popular methods.

In order to expand territory you must breed above replacemant level. Hunter gatherers and hearders typically range over the same territory and when the populstion gets too large they either split and emigrate or they drive their neighbors away and their neighbors emigrate.

I think that the numbers that you quoted, for after the Toba explosion were much too small.

[blam]

"I think that the numbers that you quoted, for after the Toba explosion were much too small."

Okay. I have not allegiance to those population numbers, it's just that I don't have any others.

What and where are your population numbers?