[SengirV]

I do not have the answers to these questions. I have some knowledge of Astronomy(I am not an astonomer nor do I have a physics degree) but can not give you formula's and calculations that you would obviously require to be satisfied. Perhaps someone who can backup some present day astonomical assumptions could help you out. Maybe an explanation of one point you raised will help - "The furthest star is 12 billion light years away ... the Doppler effect would have rendered the wavelength of light so low as to be unobservable to the eye." If we can get an explanation of how a redshifted star/quasar/pulsar/galaxy/etc... with a value of 5 can be observered, then that might help US understand a little better.

[Blood of Tyrants]

I'm not talking about quasars and pulsars and such that emit radio waves but stars that emit visible light.