During the Middle Ages (which I am defining as the period from the death of Charlemagne to the Lutheran Revolt) the Church and the various monarchies were generally quite antagonistic to one another, either openly or quietly.
The monarchies certainly did not economically support the churches until after Henry VIII entered into schism, and not formally until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
ah, I didn’t know that. So that was a late development? And how about the Byzantines?