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From: Ecclesiastes 1:2-11

All is Vanity

[2] Vanity of vanities, says the Preacher,
vanity of vanities! All is vanity.
[3] What does man gain by all the toil
at which he toils under the sun?
[4] A generation goes, and a generation comes,
but the earth remains for ever.
[5] The sun rises and the sun goes down.
and hastens to the place where it rises.
[6] The wind blows to the south,
and goes round to the north;
round and round goes the wind,
and on its circuits the wind returns.
[7] All streams run to the sea,
but the sea is not full;
to the place where the streams flow,
there they flow again.
[8] All things are full of weariness;
a man cannot utter it;
the eye is not satisfied with seeing,
nor the ear filled with hearing.
[9] What has been is what will be,
and what has been done is what will be done;
and there is nothing new under the sun.
[10] Is there a thing of which it is said,
“See, this is new”?
It has been already,
in the ages before us.
[11] There is no remembrance of former things,
nor will there be any remembrance
of later things yet to happen
among those who come after.

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Commentary:

1:1-2. The book begins and ends with the same words: “Vanity of vanities…”
(v. 2; cf. 12:8). The phrase sums up wonderfully well the central idea of the book
and is the sacred author’s assessment of the things of the world and the fruits of
human endeavour, included among the latter being the acquisition of a superficial
type of knowledge or wisdom that is clearly at odds with what we know from ex-
perience. The Hebrew root of the word translated as “vanity” means something
like the “vapour”, “air”, and conveys the idea of something with no consistency to
it, illusion, unreality. Some scholars link it to another root that means “fleeting”,
“evanescent”, in the sense of something that man cannot grasp, and that is cer-
tainly an aspect of what the author is saying throughout the book. “Vanity of
vanities” is the Hebrew form of the superlative, as in “Song of Songs”, On the
Preacher, Qoheleth, see the “Introduction”, p. 257, above.

When reading this book it is useful to bear in mind that the author is a Jewish
teacher, very familiar with the Law and the wisdom tradition of Israel, which, in
reaction to the arrival in Judea of various currents of Greek thought, was asking
itself very seriously about the validity of its own answers about the value of hu-
man actions and the rewards or punishments that applied to them; could it be
that the hedonistic ideas (which took no account of God) being put forward by
Greek philosophers in the squares and streets – could these have some validity?
The Preacher takes issue with both traditional wisdom and the Greeks. With a
great deal of common sense, he questions all these teachings (which were wide-
ly accepted) and concludes that they are approaching the subject in the wrong
way. It is not that he is skeptical about the human mind’s ability to know reality;
what he objects to is the failure of seekers after wisdom to go to the root of the
problem: “The book of Ecclesiastes explains that exactly things are made of,
and shows and makes clear to us the vanity of many of the things of the world,
so that we might come to understand that the passing things of this life are not
worth hungering for, and that we should not devote our attention to useless things
or fix our desires on any creating thing” (St. Basil, In principium Proverbiorum,
1).

1:3-6:12. The first part of the book is devoted to showing that the type of wisdom
man is bent on acquiring is of no use at all. To do this, it points out that if one
looks around, one gets the impression that everything in the world forms part of
one continuous cyclical movement in which one can never expect anything new
to happen: things that seem new are not new at all (1:3-11). It goes on to argue,
from experience, that the search for wisdom serves no purpose, for the wise man’s
lot remains unchanged, no matter what he learns (1:12-2:26). To compound his
argument, the Preacher goes on to report what he has seen – fraud and loneliness
. . . And from his observation of things around him, he draws a similar conclusion:
this, too, is vanity and a waste of effort (3:1-4:16). That being so, in a series of
counsels (5:1-12) he expounds the key lesson of the book: “Do you fear God”
(5:7). In other words, if one does not take God into account, even riches bring
only evils (5:13-6:7). That being the case, what advantages does wisdom offer
(6:8-12)? In this way the teacher of Israel, using a rhetoric similar to that of his
Hellenist adversaries, composes a diatribe to show that the reasonable thing to
do is to put one’s trust in God, for all the wisdom of this world is in vain.

Both of these notions – true wisdom and the fear of God – will be perfected in
the New Testament message. True wisdom is in “Christ, in whom are had all
the treasures of wisdom and knowledge” (Col 2:2-3). And the fear of God should
be understood as love, not servile fear, because God is our Father. That convic-
tion should govern what we do: “There is no fear in love, but perfect love casts
out fear. For fear has to do with punishment and he who fears is not perfected
in love (1 Jn 4:18).

1:3-11. In this splendid poem, which acts as a lead-in to his argument, the Prea-
cher shows that if the elements of nature with their sometimes tedious movement
change nothing in the established order of things, man likewise will change noth-
ing in his life despite all his strivings (vv. 3-8). According to the Greek teachers,
the entire cosmos was made up of four basic elements — earth, fire, air and water.
And the Preacher shows that, in fact, earth, sun, wind and waters always retain
the same form despite all their movement. Noting, perhaps, the new ideas about
the nature of the world that found their way into Judea at that time, the teacher of
Israel takes pleasure in pointing out that things do not change, despite appearan-
ces to the contrary. The same holds for man: try as he may, he can find nothing
new (vv. 8-11).

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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.

Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.

From: Luke 9:7-9

Herod’s Opinion of Jesus

[7] Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was done, and he was perplexed,
because it was said by some that John had been raised from the dead, [8] by
some that Elijah had appeared, and by others that one of the old prophets had
risen. [9] Herod said, “John I beheaded; but who is this about whom I hear such
things?” And he sought to see Him.

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Commentary:

7-9. Except for the Sadducees, all Jews believed in the resurrection of the dead,
as revealed by God in Sacred Scripture (cf. Ezekiel 37:10; Daniel 12:2 and 2
Maccabees 7:9). It was also commonly believed by Jews at the time that Elijah
or some other prophet had to appear again (Deuteronomy 19:15). This may have
been why Herod began to think that perhaps John had come back to life (Mathew
14:1-2 and Mark 6:14-16), particularly since Jesus worked miracles and people
thought this power was the prerogative of those who had risen from the dead.
And yet he was aware that Christ was working miracles even before John died (cf.
John 2:23); therefore, at first, he was disconcerted. Later, as the fame of Christ’s
miracles spread, to have some sort of adequate explanation he decided, as the
other Gospels tell us, that John mustindeed have risen.

Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.