From: Exodus 23:20-23a
(Job 3:1-3, 11-17, 20-23 from the Proper of Seasons may be used.)
Warnings and promises
[22] But if you hearken attentively to his voice and do all that I say, then I will be
an enemy to your enemies and an adversary to your adversaries.
[23] “When my angel goes before you, and brings you in to the Amorites, and
the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the Jebu-
sites, and I [will] blot them out.
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Commentary:
23:20-33. As an appendix and conclusion to the Code of the Covenant, the sa-
cred writer put together these various warnings or promises. Strictly speaking,
this is not a formal epilogue of the type usually attached to the end of codes of
laws (cf. Lev 26 for the Code of the Holiness, and Deut 28 for the Deuteronomic
Code) because it contains no blessings or curses, and makes no specific refer-
ence to the preceding laws. It is more a collection of instructions based on the
fact that God is close to his people; it is designed to fortify Israel’s hope and en-
courage it to be faithful.
“I send an angel before you” (v. 20). The word “angel”, according to St Augus-
tine, refers to his office, not his nature. “If you enquire as to his nature, I will tell
you that he is a spirit; if you ask what it is he does, I will tell you that he is an
angel” (Enarrationes in Psalmos, 103, 1, 15). The expression “angel of the Lord”
is equivalent to the presence of God himself or his direct intervention (cf. 3:2; 14:
19 and also Gen 16:7; 22:11, 14). However, when Scripture speaks of an “angel”
or “my angel” (cf. Ex 33:2; Num 20:16) it seems to refer rather to those spiritual
beings who are attentive to the Lord’s commands and are faithful doers of his
word (cf. Ps 103:20). The role assigned to them is that of guarding the people
in the name of the Lord, just as they protected Lot (cf. Gen 19) or Hagar and her
son (cf. Gal 21:17). On the basis of this biblical teaching, the Church holds that
angels continue to lend men the same mysterious and powerful help. “Each
member of the faithful has at his side an angel as a protector and shepherd to
lead him towards life” (St Basil, Adversus Eunomium, 3,1; cf. Catechism of the
Catholic Church, 334-336).
Whereas he sends an angel to the Israelites, he sends two scourges against
their enemies — terror (v. 27) and a plague of hornets (v. 28). As usual when the
Bible tells us this, it does not mean that God is wicked, but rather that, since he
is the only Supreme Being, all blessings and all misfortunes are attributable to
him. Furthermore, it is very much in the style of Semitic literature to make a play
of contrasts — the misfortunes of enemies are a way of showing how well one is
being treated oneself.
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.
From: Matthew 18:1-5, 10
The “Little Ones” and the Kingdom. The Lost Sheep
[5] “Whoever receives one such child in My name receives Me.
[10] “See that you do not despise one of these little ones; for I tell you that in
Heaven their angels always behold the face of My Father who is in Heaven.
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Commentary:
1-35. The teachings of Jesus recorded in chapter 18 of St. Matthew are often
called the “discourse on the Church” or “ecclesiastical discourse” because they
are a series of instructions on the way in which His Church is to be administered.
The first passage (Matthew 18:1-5), addressed to leaders, that is, the future hier-
archy of the Church, warns them against natural tendencies to pride and ambi-
tion: even though they have positions of government, they must act with humility.
In verses 6-10 Jesus emphasizes the fatherly care which pastors of the Church
should have for the “little ones” — a term which covers everyone in need of spe-
cial care for whatever reason (because they are recent converts, or are not well
grounded in Church teaching, or are not yet adults, etc.)... God takes special
care of the weak and will punish those who harm them.
Our Lord shows similar concern for those who are experiencing spiritual difficul-
ties. Every effort, even an heroic effort, must be made to seek out the “lost sheep”
(verses 12-14). If the Church in general and each Christian in particular should be
concerned to spread the Gospel, all the more reason for them to try and see that
those who already embraced the faith do not go astray...
Thus, the whole of Chapter 18, the “discourse of the Church”, is a survey of the
future history of the Church during its earthly stage, and a series of practical rules
for conduct for Christians — a kind of complement to the Sermon on the Mount,
(Chapters 5-7), which is a “magna carta” for the new Kingdom established by
Christ.
1-6. Clearly the disciples still suffer from human ambition: they want to occupy
key positions when Jesus comes to establish the Kingdom on earth (cf. Acts 1:
6). To correct their pride, our Lord shows them a child and tells them that if they
want to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, they must decide to be like children: chil-
dren are incapable of hating anyone and are totally innocent of vice, particularly
of pride, the worst vice of all. They are simple and full of trust.
Humility is one of the main pillars of the Christian life. “If you ask me”, St. Au-
gustine says, “what is the essential thing in the religion and discipline of Jesus
Christ, I shall reply: first humility, second humility and third humility” (”Letter
118”).
3-4. Applying these words to our Lord’s virtues, Fray Luis de Granada makes the
point that humility is superior to virginity: “If you cannot imitate the virginity of the
humble, then imitate the humility of the virgin. Virginity is praiseworthy, but humi-
lity is more necessary. The former is recommended to us, the latter is an obliga-
tion for us; to the former we are invited, to the latter we are obliged [...]. And so
we see that the former is celebrated as voluntary sacrifice, the latter required as
an obligatory sacrifice. Lastly, you can be saved without virginity, but not without
humility” (”Summa De La Vida Cristiana”, Book 3, Part 2, Chapter 10).
5. Receiving a child in Jesus’ name is the same as receiving Jesus Himself. Be-
cause children reflect the innocence, purity, simplicity and tenderness of our
Lord, “In children and in the sick a soul in love sees Him” (St. J. Escriva, “The
Way”, 419).
10. Jesus warns that giving scandal to little children is a very serious matter,
for they have angels who guard them, who will plead a case before God against
those who led them to commit sin.
In this context He speaks of children having guardian angels. However, everyone,
adult or child, has a guardian angel. “By God’s providence angels have been en-
trusted with the office of guarding the human race and of accompanying every hu-
man being so as to preserve him from any serious dangers [...]. Our Heavenly
Father has placed over each of us an angel under whose protection and vigilance
we are” (”St. Pius V Catechism”, IV, 9, 4).
This means that we should have a trusting relationship with our guardian angel.
“Have confidence in your guardian Angel. Treat him as a lifelong friend — that is
what he is — and he will render you a thousand services in the ordinary affairs of
each day” (St. J. Escriva, “The Way” 562).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.