Replies

From: Acts 15:1-6

Dissension at Antioch; Judaizers

[1] But some men came down from Judea and were teaching the brethren, “Un-
less you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be
saved.” [2] And when Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and debate
with them, Paul and Barnabas and some of the others were appointed to go up
to Jerusalem to the Apostles and the elders about this question.

Paul and Barnabas Go to Jerusalem

[3] So, being sent on their way by the Church, they passed through both Phoe-
nicia and Samaria, reporting the conversion of the Gentiles, and they gave great
joy to all the brethren. [4] When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed
by the Church and the Apostles and the elders, and they declared all that God
had done with them. [5] But some believers who belonged to the party of the
Pharisees rose up, and said, “It is necessary to circumcise them, and to charge
them to keep the law of Moses.”

Peter’s Address to the Elders

[6] The Apostles and the elders were gathered together to consider this matter.

*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:

1-35. This chapter is the center of Acts, not just because it comes right in the
middle of the book but also because it covers the key event as far as concerns
the universality of the Gospel and its unrestricted spread among the Gentiles. It
is directly linked to the conversion of the pagan Cornelius; here, with the help of
the Holy Spirit, all the consequences of that event are drawn out.

Christians with a Pharisee background — “certain men [who] came from James”
(Galatians 2;12) — arriving in Antioch, assert categorically that salvation is im-
possible unless a person is circumcised and practices the Law of Moses. They
accept (cf. 11:18) that Gentile converts can be baptized and become part of the
Church; but they do not properly understand the economy of the Gospel, that is
the “new” way; they think that the Mosaic rites and precepts are all still neces-
sary for attaining salvation. The need arises, therefore, for the whole question to
be brought to the Apostles and elders in Jerusalem, who form the government
of the Church.

2. Paul and Barnabas are once again commissioned by the Antiochene commu-
nity to go to Jerusalem (cf. 11:30). Paul says in Galatians 2:2 that this journey
to the Holy City was due to a special revelation. Possibly the Holy Spirit inspired
him to volunteer for it. “Paul”, St. Ephraem writes, “so as not to change without
the Apostles’ accord anything which they would allow to be done perhaps be-
cause of the weakness of the Jews, make his way to Jerusalem to see to the
setting aside of the Law and of circumcision in the presence of the disciples:
without the Apostles’ support they [Paul and Barnabas] do not want to set them
aside” (”Armenian Commentary, ad loc”.).

4. This does not mean that all the members of the Church were present to re-
ceive Paul: the whole Church was morally present in those brethren who attend
the gathering and particularly in the Apostles and elders.

5. “Party”: the Greek and the New Vulgate both literally say “heresy”. However,
in this context the word is not pejorative. It is a correct use of language in view
of the religious exclusivity and separateness practiced by the Pharisees: they
saw themselves as, and in fact were, the rightful representatives of post-exilic
Judaism (cf. note on Acts 13:15). The Pharisees mentioned here were Chris-
tians who in practice still lived like Jews.

6-21. The hierarchical Church, consisting of the Apostles and elders or priests,
now meets to study and decide whether baptized Gentiles are obliged or not to
be circumcised and to keep the Old Law. This is a question of the utmost im-
portance to the young Christian Church and the answer to it has to be absolu-
tely correct. Under the leadership of St. Peter, the meeting deliberates at length,
but it is not going to devise a new truth or new principles: all it does is, with the
aid of the Holy Spirit, to provide a correct interpretation of God’s promises and
commandments regarding the salvation of men and the way in which Gentiles
can enter the New Israel.

This meeting is seen as the first general council of the Church, that is, the proto-
type of the series of councils of which the Second Vatican Council is the most
recent. Thus, the Council of Jerusalem displays the same features as the later
ecumenical councils in the history of the Church: a) it is a meeting of the rulers
of the entire Church, not of ministers of one particular place; b) it promulgates
rules which have binding force for all Christians; c) the content of its decrees
deals with faith and morals; d) its decisions are recorded in a written document
— a formal proclamation to the whole Church; e) Peter presides over the assem-
bly.

According to the “Code of Canon Law” (can. 338-341) ecumenical councils are
assemblies — summoned and presided over by the Pope — of bishops and some
others endowed with jurisdiction; decisions of these councils do not oblige un-
less they are confirmed and promulgated by the Pope. This assembly at Jeru-
salem probably took place in the year 49 or 50.

*********************************************************************************************
Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.

Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.