The FReeper Foxhole Profiles Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) - March 21st, 2004

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/wasp/wasp.htm ^

[snippy_about_it]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


...................................................................................... ...........................................

U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

Where Duty, Honor and Country
are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated.

Our Mission:

The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans.

In the FReeper Foxhole, Veterans or their family members should feel free to address their specific circumstances or whatever issues concern them in an atmosphere of peace, understanding, brotherhood and support.

The FReeper Foxhole hopes to share with it's readers an open forum where we can learn about and discuss military history, military news and other topics of concern or interest to our readers be they Veteran's, Current Duty or anyone interested in what we have to offer.

If the Foxhole makes someone appreciate, even a little, what others have sacrificed for us, then it has accomplished one of it's missions.

We hope the Foxhole in some small way helps us to remember and honor those who came before us.

To read previous Foxhole threads or
to add the Foxhole to your sidebar,
click on the books below.

WASP


Women Airforce Service Pilots

As early as 1930, the War Department had considered using women pilots but the Chief of the Air Corps had called the idea "utterly unfeasible", stating that women were too "high strung."

Famed woman aviator Jacqueline Cochran in 1939 wrote Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt (wife of the President) to suggest women pilots could be used in a national emergency. Aviatrix Mrs. Nancy Harkness Love in 1940 made a similar proposal to the Air Corps' Ferry Command. Nothing was done until after American entry into World War II. Facing the need for male combat pilots, the situation by mid-1943 favored the use of experienced women pilots to fly Army Air Forces (AAF) aircraft within the United States. Two women's aviator units were formed to ease this need and more than 1,000 women participated in these programs as civilians attached to the AAF. These were merged into a single group, the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) program in August 1943 and broke ground for USAF female pilots who would follow in their footsteps.



Just before the outbreak of World War II, Royal Air Force (RAF) Commander Gerard D'Erlanger organized a pool of experienced male pilots who were not eligible for the RAF, and placed this organization, the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), at the disposal of the British government. In the winter of 1940, nine women pilots were accepted by the ATA.

At this time there were no accommodations for women at British bases and the women were restricted to ferrying Tiger Moths, small open cockpit planes. The ATA girls gradually advanced to larger planes, although they were forbidden to ferry operational types until June 1941, when eight of them were allowed to ferry Hurricanes and Spitfires.

At the beginning of 1942, the ATA girls were allowed to ferry Blenheim and Wellington twin-engine bombers and by the summer of 1943 the last restriction was removed from them and they were allowed to fly the heavy four-engine bombers. By July 1943, they were flying any one of the 120 different types ferried by the ATA. At the opening of October 1942, it appears that only 16% of the ATA total strength was female, but by the summer of 1943 this percentage rose to 25%.

Ferrying planes short distances, the ATA girls were able to pile up an impressive record of deliveries. According to Sir Stafford Cripps, they had delivered 100,000 airplanes by September 1942.

To generate publicity for the ATA in North America, Jackie Cochran ferried a Hudson Bomber to Britain beginning on June 17, 1941. Although she was not allowed to take off and land, she flew the aircraft for most of the flight.



Jackie Cochran recruited all but six American women who flew for the ATA. Mary Nicholson, who served as an assistant to Cochran before joining the ATA, was the only American woman killed while serving as an ATA-girl. On May 22, 1943, while flying a Master 2 trainer, the propeller mechanism fails and the propeller breaks completely off the plane. The weather was overcast and she was killed when her plane crashed into a stone barn.

Some ATA-girls, including Myrtle Allen, Emily Chapin, and Helen Richey, completed their contracts and returned to the United States to join the WASPs. One of the original WAFS, Aline Rhonie, joined the ATA after resigning from the WAFS program.



The Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS), never numbering more than 28, was created in September 1942 within the Air Transport Command, under Mrs. Love's leadership. WAFS were recruited from among commercially licensed women pilots with at least 500 hours flying time and a 200-horsepower rating. (Women who joined the WAFS actually averaged about 1,100 hours of flying experience.) Their original mission was to ferry Army Air Force (AAF) trainers and light aircraft from the factories, but later they were delivering fighters, bombers, and transports as well.



The WAFS recruited only the most experienced women pilots and was never intended to be a large organization. However, a training program for women pilots, under Jacqueline Cochran's direction, was approved on September 15, 1942 as the 319th Army Air Forces Flying Training Detachment (Women) or more simply Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD). The 23 week training program begun at Howard Hughes Field, Houston, Texas, included 115 hours of flying time.



Training soon moved to Avenger Field at Sweetwater, Texas, and increased to 30 weeks with 210 hours of flying. The 318th AAF Flying Training Detachment (Women) was activated at Avenger Field which was chosen to provide enough space for the rapidly expanding WFTD program. The Army estimated that more than 700 women pilots would be needed in 1943 and another 1000 in 1944.

The first WFTD class (43-W-1) of 29 women began training on 12 November 1942. Twenty three women from the first class graduated at the end of April, 1943.

Trainees were between 21 (later dropped to 18) and 35 years old, and already had at least 200 hours pilot experience (later reduced to 35 hours), but were taught to fly military aircraft the Army Air Force (AAF) way. Their training emphasized cross country flying with less emphasis on acrobatics and with no gunnery or close formation flight training.



In August 1943, all women pilots flying for the Army Air Force (AAF) were consolidated into the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) program with Jacqueline Cochran as AAF Director for Women Pilots. Mrs. Love was named as the WASP executive on the Air Transport Command's Ferrying Division staff. More than 25,000 women applied for pilot training under the WASP program. Of these, 1,830 were accepted, 1,074 graduated and 900 remained at program's end, plus 16 former WAFS. WASP assignments after graduation were diverse - as flight training instructors, glider tow pilots, towing targets for air-to-air and anti-aircraft gunnery practice, engineering test flying, ferrying aircraft, and other duties.



Women pilots sometimes encountered resentment from males. For example, the only WASP in a P-47 class of 36 males was considered an intruder - until she became the fourth in the group to solo in the huge fighter. WASPs later routinely ferried P-47s from the factory. WASPs made demonstration flights in the "hot" B-26 Marauder and the new B-29 Superfortress, challenging male egos and showing that these aircraft weren't as difficult to fly as some men felt them to be.



Ann Baumgartner was the first woman to fly an AAF jet when at Wright Field she flew the Bell YP-59A twin jet fighter. WASPs flew virtually every type of aircraft from light trainers to heavy four-engine bombers. They flew about 60 million miles or 2,500 times around the world at the Equator, with 38 deaths. Before and after graduation, their accident rate was comparable to that for male pilots doing similar jobs.

---

Thanks to Foxhole FReeper WaterDragon for suggesting this topic.

---

FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links

[snippy_about_it]

HAP ARNOLD



Visionary, pioneer, hero of the United States Air Force and champion of the WASP, General Henry (Hap) Arnold played a key role in the formation of the Women Airforce Service Pilots.

He was the official in charge who said "YES" to Jackie Cochran when she proposed that women be trained to fly military aircraft and relieve the male pilots for combat duty.



December 7, 1944

ADDRESS BY GENERAL H.H.ARNOLD, COMMANDING GENERAL,
ARMY AIR FORCES,
BEFORE WASP CEREMONY,
SWEETWATER, TEXAS,
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1944

I am glad to be here today and talk with you young women who have been making aviation history. You and all WASPs have been pioneers in a new field of wartime service, and I sincerely appreciate the splendid joy you have done for the AAF.

You, and more than nine hundred of your sisters, have shown that you can fly wingtip to wingtip with your brothers. If ever there was in doubt in anyone's mind that women can become skillful pilots, the WASP have dispelled that doubt.



The possibility of using women to pilot military aircraft was first considered in the summer of 1941. We anticipated than that global war would require all our qualified men and many of our women. We did not know how many of our young men could qualify to pilot the thousands of aircraft which American industry could produce. There was also the problem of finding sufficient highly capable young men to satisfy the demands of the Navy, the Ground Forces, the Service Forces, and the Merchant Marine. England and Russia had been forced to use women to fly trainers and combat-type aircraft. Russian women were being used in combat.



In that emergency I called in Jacqueline Cochran, who had herself flown almost everything with wings and several times had won air races from men who now are general officers of the Air Forces. I asked her to draw a plan for the training and use of American women pilots. She presented such a plan in late 1941 and it formed the basis for the Air Forces use of WASP.

Frankly, I didn't know in 1941 whether a slip of a young girl could fight the controls of a B-17 in the heavy weather they would naturally encounter in operational flying. Those of us who had been flying for twenty or thirty years knew that flying an airplane was something you do not learn overnight.



But, Miss Cochran said that carefully selected young women could be trained to fly our combat-type planes. So, it was only right that we take advantage of every skill which we, as a nation, possessed.

My objectives in forming the WASP were, as you know, three:

1. To see if women could serve as military pilots, and, if so, to form the nucleus of an organization which could be rapidly expanded.

2. To release male pilots for combat.

3. To decrease the Air Forces' total demands for the cream of the manpower pool.

Well, now in 1944, more than two years since WASP first started flying with the Air Forces, we can come to only one conclusion--the entire operation has been a success. it is on the record that women can fly as well as men. In training, in safety, in operations, your showing is comparable to the over-all record of the AAF flying within the continental United States. That was what you were called upon to do--continental flying. if the need had developed for women to fly our aircraft overseas, I feel certain that the WASP would have performed that job equally well.



Certainly we haven't been able to build an airplane you can't handle. From AT-6's to B-29's, you have flown them around like veterans. One of the WASP has even test-flown our new jet plane.

You have worked hard at your jobs. Commendations from the generals to whose commands you have been assigned are constantly coming across my desk. These commendations record how you have buckled down to the monotonous, the routine jobs which are not much desired by our hot-shot young men headed toward combat or just back from an overseas tour. In some of your jobs I think they like you better than men.



I want to stress how valuable I believe this whole WASP program has been for the country. If another national emergency arises--let us hope it does not, but let u this time face the possibility--if it does, we will not again look upon a women's flying organization as experimental. We will know that they can handle our fastest fighters, our heaviest bombers; we will know that they are capable of ferrying, target towing, flying training, test flying, and the countless other activities which you have proved you can do.

That is valuable knowledge for the air age into which we are now entering.

But please understand that I do not look upon the WASP and the job they have done in this war as a project or an experiment. A pioneering venture, yes. Solely an experiment, no. The WASP are an accomplishment.



We are winning the war--we still have a long way to go--but we are winning it. Every WASP who has contributed to the training and operation of the Air Force has filled a vital and necessary place in the jigsaw pattern of victory. Some of you are discouraged sometimes, all of us are, but be assured you have filled a necessary place in the overall picture of the Air Forces.

The WASPs have completed their mission. Their job has been successful. But, as is usual in war, it has not been without cost. Thirty-seven WASPs have died while helping their Country move toward the moment of final victory. The Air Forces will long remember their service and their final sacrifice.

So, on this last graduation day, I salute you and all WASP. We of the AAF are proud of you; we will never forget our debt to you.

---

Today's Educational Sources and suggestions for further reading:

www.wpafb.af.mil/
A WASP Among Eagles - By Ann B. Carl

[snippy_about_it]

The Thirty-Eight



"...WE WERE YOUNG.
WE HAVE DIED.
REMEMBER US.

...OUR DEATHS ARE NOT OURS;
THEY ARE YOURS;
THEY WILL MEAN WHAT YOU MAKE THEM...

...WHETHER OUR LIVES AND OUR DEATHS
WERE FOR PEACE AND A NEW HOPE
OR FOR NOTHING
WE CANNOT SAY;

IT IS YOU WHO MUST SAY THIS.
...WE LEAVE YOU OUR DEATHS.
GIVE THEM THEIR MEANING.
WE WERE YOUNG...
WE HAVE DIED.
REMEMBER US."

WAFS/WASP/WASP TRAINEES KILLED IN SERVICE TO THEIR COUNTRY

[snippy_about_it]

WASP WWII Museum link

---

Flash movie "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WASP!"


Real Audio WASP History by the USAF

[snippy_about_it]

FALL IN to the FReeper Foxhole!



Good Sunday Morning Everyone

If you would like added to our ping list let us know.

[snippy_about_it]

Please join us and tell us about your friend and experiences having a WASP as your flight instructor.

[snippy_about_it]

Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization.

---

Tribute to a Generation - The memorial will be dedicated on Saturday, May 29, 2004.

Thanks to CholeraJoe for providing this link.

---

Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

Thanks to quietolong for providing this link.

---

Iraq Homecoming Tips

~ Thanks to our Veterans still serving, at home and abroad. ~ Freepmail to Ragtime Cowgirl | 2/09/04 | FRiend in the USAF

---

The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

Click on Hagar for
"The FReeper Foxhole Compiled List of Daily Threads"

[Aeronaut]

Good morning Snippy.

[Aeronaut]

Liz Strofus is a WASP. I've come to know her over the last ten years. I have featured her as a speaker at several of my events. She has a great delivery of a great story.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole.

Congratulation to the OU ladies on their 57-45 win over Marist yesterday in the first round of the ladies NCAA. Good luck to OSU in their second round game in the NCAA today.

Had some storms develop to our East. Warnings were issued for some counties in Eastern Oklahoma. Things were calm roun here. Upper 30's forecast lows for tonight.

[archy]

Hey! Can't have a profile of the WASPs without Fifinella!

[SAMWolf]

Morning Snippy. When you said you were doing a thread on the WASP. I thought you meant the Carrier. DUH! Like after the WAVES and WACS, you'd think I'd catch on.

[SAMWolf]

Thanks aeronaut.

Elizabeth Strohfus

Elizabeth Strohfus

Liz was a Women Airforce Service Pilot during WWII. She was born November 15, 1919. It was after high school that she fell in love with flying. A friend, Frank Matejeck asked if she would like a flight from someone he knew, Al Voegel. He took her up and did a spin. Liz kept asking him to do it "one more time". After 11 spins, the pilot was getting sick and had to land. He told her that whatever she did in life, she had to fly. Liz used her only possesion, a bicycle, to use as collateral to get into the local sky club. Liz soon soloed and applied for the WASP program.

Her, and her sister Mary, both having 35 flying hours, were accepted. She trained at Avenger Field as all the WASPs did. They trained exactly how the male cadets did. Waking up at 6 am, doing physical training, then flying and ground school. After she completed her training, Liz reported to Las Vegas Army Airfield Gunnery School. She went back to Avenger later to recieve training on becomming at instructor pilot. Liz performed many missions for the WASPs up to the point of disbandment in 1944.

After that she tried to get a job with Northwest Airlines, having a wonderful resume with flight time in a B-17, a P-38 and many more aircraft, as well as an instructors rating. They asked her to take a job at the front office. She went back to a normal life without flying. On August 28th, 1992, Liz was cleared for a flight in an F-16 with the Air National Guard. She had an amazing time flying the aircraft.

Liz now lives in Fairbault, Minnesota where she was born. She spends her time now giving exciting and enthusiastic presentations on her expirences. She is an amazing woman! Check out the book, Love at First Flight by Cheryl Young.

I think I'd really enjoy listening to her give a speech. Sounds like a wonderful woman.

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C.

[SAMWolf]

Thanks Archy. Now I have to go find out about Fifinella. This is a new one to me

[Aeronaut]

I think I'd really enjoy listening to her give a speech. Sounds like a wonderful woman.

Hi Sam. You really would. She has a cute little laugh that punctuates her talk. People just love her. She always wears her uniform, too, I might add.

[archy]

Thanks Archy. Now I have to go find out about Fifinella. This is a new one to me

No problem there! Just watch out for Grud, the powerplant gremlin....

[tomball]

Your posts about women in the armed services are excellent. My aunt served as a Sgt. WAC in WW2. She was the most good hearted, and amazing woman I ever had the privilege of being on earth with.

History is a record of people live it. The Foxhole should be required reading for history courses in all public schools.

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone in the FOXHOLE!!

[Valin]

I'm Valin and I approve of
This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on March 21:
1474 Angela Merici Italian monastery founder/saint
1527 Hermann Finck composer
1609 Jan II Kazimierz cardinal/King of Poland (1648-68)

1685 Johann Sebastian Bach Eisenach Germany, composer

1708 Caspar Ruetz composer
1713 Francis Lewis signed Declaration of Independence
1806 Benito Pablo Juárez Oaxaca Mexico, President of México (1858-72)
1839 Modest Mussorgsky composer (Boris Gudunov, Night on Bald Mountain)
1869 Florenz Ziegfeld producer (Ziegfield Follies)
1884 George D Birkhoff US mathematician (Aesthetic measure)
1902 Eddie James "Son" House folk blues musician (Delta Blues)
1906 John D Rockefeller III billionaire philanthropist (oil)
1911 John Paxton screenwriter (On The Beach, Kotch, Farewell My Lovely)
1916 Harold Robbins US, novelist (The Carpetbaggers) [or 0521]
1918 Howard Cosell Winston-Salem NC, sportscaster (Monday Night Football)
1928 James W Kinnear Pittsburgh PA, CEO (Texaco)
1929 James Coco Bronx NY, actor (Man of La Mancha, Murder by Death)
1929 Jules Bergman space & science reporter (ABC-TV)
1934 Al Freeman Jr San Antonio TX, actor (One Life to Live, My Sweet Charlie)
1937 Tom Flores Fresno CA, NFL quarterback/coach (Raiders)
1945 Vernon Guy US gospel singer (Cool Sounds, Sharpees)
1946 Timothy Dalton Colwyn Bay Wales, actor (James Bond-Living Daylights, License to Kill)
1958 Brad Hall Santa Barbara CA, comedian (Saturday Night Live)
1962 Matthew Broderick New York NY, actor (Inspector Gadget, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, WarGames, Biloxi Blues)
1962 Rosie O'Donnell comedienne (League of Their Own, Flintstones, Rosie)
1969 Jennifer Lyn Jackson Cleveland OH, playmate (April, 1989)

---

Deaths which occurred on March 21:
1487 Nicholas van Fluë Swiss saint/patron of Switzerland, dies
1556 Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, burned at stake at 66
1656 Armagh James Ussher Archbishop (said world began 4004 BC), dies at 76
1921 "Big Jim" Colisimo US gangster, murdered by Al Capone
1936 Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov composer (Chopiniana), dies at 70
1952 A J Pieters SS-Untersturmführer, executed
1958 Cyril M Kornbluth US sci-fi writer (Space Merchants), dies at 34
1985 Michael Redgrave actor (Goodbye Mr Chips, Mr Arkadin), dies at 77
1987 Robert Preston actor (Harold Hill-Music Man), diesfrom lung cancer in Montecito CA at 68
1991 Leo Fender inventor (Fender guitar), dies
1991 Rajiv Gandhi former Prime Minister of India, killed by bomb at 46
1992 John Ireland actor (Rawhide), dies of leukemia at 78
1994 Dack Rambo actor (Jack Ewing-Dallas), dies from AIDs at 52
1995 Norman Schwartz record Producer, dies at 66

---

Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1966 BURER ARTHUR W.---SAN ANTONIO TX.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1966 COMPTON FRANK R.---CHATHAM VA.
1966 TIDERMAN JOHN M.---KANSAS CITY KS.
1967 CHARVET PAUL CLAUDE---GRAND VIEW WA.
1968 HESFORD PETER D.---MYSTIC CT.
1968 STOWERS AUBREY E. JR.---SENTINEL OK.
1970 GONZALES DAVID---VENTURA CA.
1970 HUDGENS EDWARD MONROE---TULSA OK.
[REMAINS RECOVERED OCT 94 AND APRIL 95 ID MARCH 96]
1970 UNDERWOOD THOMAS W.---ZANESVILLE OH.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

---

On this day...
1349 3,000 Jews killed in Black Death riots in Efurt Germany
1421 Battle of Beauge-French beat British
1610 King James I addresses English House of Commons
1697 Czar Peter the Great begins tour through West-Europe
1702 Queen Anne Stuart addresses English parliament
1788 Fire destroyed 856 buildings in New Orleans LA
1791 Captain Hopley Yeaton of New Hampshire becomes 1st commissioned officer in USN
1804 French civil Code of Napoleon adopted
1824 Fire at Cairo ammunitions dump kills 4,000 horses
1826 Beethoven's Quartet #13 in B flat major (Op 130) premieres in Vienna
1843 Preacher William Miller of Massachusetts predicts the world will end today
1844 Origin of Bahá'í Era-Bahá'í calendar starts here (Bahá 1, 1)
1851 Yosemite Valley discovered in California
1857 Earthquake hits Tokyo; about 107,000 die
1863 Naval Engagement at Havana Cuba-USS Henrick Hudson vs BR Wild Pigeon
1864 Battle at Henderson's Hill (Bayou Rapids) Louisiana
1865 Battle of Bentonville ends, last Confederate effort to stop Sherman
1866 Congress authorizes national soldiers' homes
1868 1st US professional women's club, Sorosis, is founded in New York NY
1871 Journalist Henry M Stanley begins his famous expedition to Africa
1885 2nd French government of Ferry resigns
1890 Austrian Jewish communities are defined by law
1891 A Hatfield marries a McCoy, ends long feud in West Virginia; it started with an accusation of pig-stealing & lasted 20 years
1907 US invades Honduras
1909 Moran & MacFarland (US) win Europe's 1st 6 day bicycle race (Berlin)
1913 Flood in Ohio, kills 400
1917 1st female US Navy Petty Officer is Loretta Walsh
1918 Germany launches Somme offensive
1923 US foreign minister Charles Hughes refuses USSR recognition
1924 Mass Investors Trust becomes 1st mutual fund set up in US
1934 Babe Didrikson pitches an inning in an A's-Dodgers exhibition game Walks 1, hits the next guy, 3rd guy hits into triple-play
1934 Fire destroys Hakodate Japan, killing about 1,500
1935 Persia officially renamed Iran
1937 Ponce massacre, police kill 19 at Puerto Rican Nationalist parade
1939 Nazi-Germany demands Gdansk (Danzig) from Poland
1941 Joe Louis KOs Abe Simon in 13 for heavyweight boxing title
1942 Convoy QP9 departs Great Britain to Murmansk
1942 Heavy German assault on Malta
1943 Assassination attempt on Hitler fails
1943 British 8th army opens assault on Mareth line, Tunisia
1945 1st Japanese flying bombs (ochas) attack Okinawa
1945 During WWII Allied bombers begin 4-day raid over Germany
1945 Dutch Resistance fighter Hannie Schaft arrested by Nazi police
1946 Kenny Washington signs with Rams, 1st black NFLer since 1933
1946 UN set up temporary HQ at Hunter (now Lehman) College (Bronx)
1947 Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Fulgens radiatur
1947 President Truman signs Executive Order 9835 requiring all federal employees to have allegiance to the United States
1951 2,900,000 US soldiers in Korea
1952 Alan Freed presents Moondog Coronation Ball at old Cleveland Arena, 25,000 attend 1st rock & roll concert ever
1952 Tornadoes in Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama & Kentucky cause 343 deaths
1953 NBA record 106 fouls & 12 players foul out (Boston-Syracuse)
1955 Brooklyn Bulletin asks Dodger fans not to call their team "Bums"
1960 Sharpeville Massacre: Police kill 72 in South Africa & outlaws ANC
1961 Art Modell purchases Cleveland Browns for then record ($3,925,000)
1961 Beatles' 1st appearance at the Cavern Club
1962 A bear becomes the 1st creature to be ejected at supersonic speeds
1962 Dutch Roman Catholic bishop Beckers of Bosch makes TV speech in Netherlands in favor of birth control
1963 Alcatraz federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay closed
1965 Martin Luther King Jr begins march from Selma to Montgomery AL
1965 US Ranger 9 launched; takes 5,814 pictures before lunar impact
1966 Supreme Court reverses Massachusetts ruling that "Fanny Hill" is obscene
1968 Israeli forces cross Jordan River to attack PLO bases
1968 Portuguese socialist Mario Soares banished to Sao Tomé
1969 John & Yoko stage their 1st bed-in for peace (Amsterdam Hilton)
1972 US Supreme Court rules states can't require 1-year residency to vote
1975 Ethiopia ends monarchy after 3000 years
1979 Egyptian Parliament unanimously approve peace treaty with Israel
1980 On TV show Dallas, JR is shot
1983 Only known typo on Time Magazine cover (control=contol), all recalled
1984 Soviet sub crashes into USS aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off Japan
1985 Arthur Ashe is named to International Tennis Hall of Fame
1990 Namibia becomes independent of South Africa, Sam Nujoma becomes president
1991 27 lost at sea when 2 US Navy anti-submarine planes collide
1991 Largest wrestling crowd in Japan (64,500) at Tokyo Dome
1991 UN Security Council panel decided to lift the food embargo on Iraq
1993 Pope John Paul II declares Duns Scotus, a saint
1994 Watne Gretzky ties Gordie Howe's NHL record of 801 goals
2000 Pope John Paul II began the first official visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
2001 Space shuttle Discovery glided to a predawn touchdown, bringing home the first residents of the international space station.
2001 - The U.S. ordered 51 Russian diplomats to leave, in retaliation for Russia's use of an FBI spy, Robert Hanssen.

---

Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq : Nawroz (Persian New Year)
Iowa : Bird Day
Ohio : Buzzards Day. The day the buzzards return to Hinckley, Ohio
México : Benito P Juarez' Birthday (1806)
Namibia : Independence Day (1990)
US : National Agriculture Day (1981)
World : Earth Day (most years)
World : International Day For Elimination of Racial Discrimination
US : National Teenage Week begins
US : Master Gardener Day
US Chocolate Week Begins
National Pothole Month

---

Religious Observances
Bahá'í : Feast of Naw-Rúz (New Year) (Bahá 1) [year=Gregorian-1843]
Persian-Afghánistán, Iran, Iraq : Nawroz (New Year)
Wicca : Alban Eilir sabbat
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Benedict, abbot
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of Nicholas von Flüe
Anglican : Commemoration of Thomas Ken, bishop of Bath & Wells
Moslem : Night of Power (Ramadân 27, 1413 AH)

---

Religious History
1098 The monastery in Citeaux, France was founded by St. Robert, a Benedictine monk and abbot of Molesme. It marked the beginning of the Roman Catholic Cistercian religious order.
1146 King Louis VII of France took up the cause of the Second Crusade, in response to Bernard of Clairvaux's preaching, and became leader of the ill-fated mission.
1747 [N.S.] On a slave ship bound for England, during a violent storm at sea, English sea captain John Newton, 22, was dramatically converted to a living faith. It was more than a "foxhole religion," as Newton soon abandoned the sea, and from 1764 until his death (43 years later), he devoted his life as a clergyman in the Anglican Church.
1900 In Chicago, following the death of its founder Dwight L. Moody, the Bible Institute for Home and Foreign Missions changed its name to Moody Bible Institute. The school has since become the model after which other learning institutions have patterned their curriculum.
1985 The Association of International Mission Services was founded in Dallas. A trans-denominational organization, AIMS promotes the work of foreign missions among independent Pentecostal and charismatic churches.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

---

Thought for the day :
"Every happening, great and small, is a parable whereby God speaks to us, and the art of life is to get the message."

---

Hallmark cards that never made it...
We've been friends for a very long time ...
(inside card)
What do you say we stop?

---

New State Slogans...
Maine: We're Really Cold, But We Have Cheap Lobster

---

Male Language Patterns...
"It's really a good movie," REALLY MEANS,
"It's got guns, knives, fast cars, and naked women."

---

Female Language Patterns...
Yes = No
No = No
Maybe = No

[Samwise]

Another good read, snippy!