All those things came about before the birth of Islam. The ME was a very advanced place, and received many scientific discoveries and mathematical advances through its trading contacts with India and China. That all stopped after Islam swept through.
Mohammed was an Arab tribesman. The Arabs were nomadic peoples who lived by a combination of herding and banditry. He was from a primitive culture, but one that by its very violence was able to overrun the advanced civilizations of Baghdad and Damascus, which had been left vulnerable by the collapse of Roman stability in the region and by the weakening of the Church after the Arian heresy. "Muslim learning" was basically just the remnants of learning left in those societies, which was actually extinguished by Islam about 100 years after their takeover by it.
Islam kills everything it touches.
Yeah, I know. I was trying to be nice for once.
It's HARD, It's hard...