To be fair about the east German female atheletes:I had a friend who was east German. The female atheletes were pumped full of hormones.
It was (IIRC) shortly after the Olympics started the barr body test (for a woman's second X chromosome that is shut down by being wrapped up in chromatin); that many of these “female” athletes suddenly stopped competing
“Gender verification tests emerged in the 1960s when Communist countries in Eastern Europe were thought to be using male athletes in women’s competitions. The tests were used at the Olympics for the first time at the 1968 Mexico City Games.”
http://guanabee.com/2008/08/sex-testing-in-the-olympics