[Atlas Sneezed]

Why is a smoothbore .410 with a 15” barrel illegal, while the Taurus Judge is legal?

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A gun with a shoulder stock is different under the law than a pistol.

I can’t offer logic, but that’s the distinction under the law.

It’s illegal to put a shoulder stock onto most pistols for this reason, even though it makes them less concealable and shoot more accurately.

[SampleMan]

A gun with a shoulder stock is different under the law than a pistol.

Yes, but the distinction with the .410 pistols is the rifling. If you were to hone the bore smooth, it would be illegal.

So can you have a rifled 20ga pistol? No, because its greater than .50 inches, although that doesn't totally make since, as there is no distinction made between calibers that are "destructive devices" in a pistol versus a rifle.

And many of these aren't actually laws, but ATF distinctions.