Christianity was persecuted because it wasn’t multiculti tolerant. That whole ‘one God’ thing.
And the Romans were afraid it was a political movement aiming at their hegemony.
Quite different than Islam. Totally in fact.
Many religions survived Rome intact. None survive Sharia.
Dhimmitude is, essentially, nonstop extortion, a protection racket: pay what is, in effect, an ongoing ransom for the lives of yourself and your family, and they will allow you to survive. The dhimmis are essentially cash-cows for the Islamic regimes under which they live.
OTOH, the dhimmi system did make possible the physical and cultural survival of sizeable Christian populations in majority-Muslim nations for centuries: history notes big, millennia-old Christian communities in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and the formerly Ottoman Balkans. for instance.
That is, until just recently.
By "just recently" I mean, the Christian population of the Middle East in the early 20th century was about 20%. Today it is about 5% and dropping rapidly. The 20th - 21st century wars have been catastrophic for what had for centuries been large, established Christian minorities living in the midst of Muslim nations, such as the Copts, the Chaldeans, the Melkites, the Maronites, the Assyrians, etc.
Many of them, or their 1st-2nd generation descendants, are now struggling to maintain their religious identities as exiles in Germany, Britain and the USA.