“Chinese scientists likely commit the most scientific fraud, too.”
Like what?
Fudge climate data to get a “hockey stick”?
The hockey stick is a growth curve. You calculate that using the same math formula that you use to calculate interest earned or interest paid.
There is another way of measuring that using doubling rates or tripling rates, or any rate.
How long will it take to double the money in your investment or how long will it take to double the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Doubling is 2x so you find the natural logarithm of 2 which is 0.693147, which you round off to 0.7. Then you divide that by the interest rate or growth rate.
If you are earning 10% then you will double your money in 7 years. If CO2 emissions are growing at 10% then you double the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere every 7 years.
At 7% the doubling is 10 years
At 1% it is 70 years.
Consequently, to extend this we try to reduce emissions of CO2. Stationary sources of CO2 such as power plants are converting from coal to natural gas and renewables. Mobile sources of CO2 such as auto tailpipes are being reduced by raising CAFE standards.
The price of solar, wind, and batteries keep falling and will replace coal, natural gas, and oil so the investors are jumping up and down wanting to invest in solar, wind, and electric cars.
Which brings us back to China. In 2015 China invested more money in renewables that the US did. If the US needs offshore windmills then we have to buy them in Europe or China. GE Waukasha moved their generator plant from Wisconsin to Canada because of the ExIm bank dust-up. HVDC transmissions lines are being built all over the world, except in the US where none are being built.