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Outside the Church there is no salvation. It is discussed in CCC [846-848] and is re-formulated positively vs. negatively but the teaching is still the same. The teaching of “outside the Church there is no salvation” is found in numerous Church Fathers, one of which you put in your post [Saint Ambrose of Milan

http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a9p3.htm

As far back as Saint Ignatius of Antioch, we see a clear teaching of outside the Church there is no salvation. All of the Fathers cited in the links below or orthodox theologians and saints and express a teaching but individually they are not a Church Council or Pope.

http://www.churchfathers.org/category/salvation/salvation-outside-the-church/

However, the basic teaching is there and how that Doctrine gets defined and expressed is up to the Magisterium of the Church. In summary, all Salvation is from Christ thru his Church [His Body and Bride] since Christ is one, his Church is one, thus all Grace comes from Christ thru his Church. Thus since the Catholic Church has the fullness of the 7 Sacraments, the fullness of means of salvation are fully present in her. Those who are not in full communion with her are related to her via baptism and God, in ways known to him, may and has saved them as well. Nevertheless, there are not 10 Churches, 1,000 or 15,000 or whatever, there is but One Church and I hold to that sole Church being the Catholic Church.