A new kind of metal in the deep Earth

Carnegie Institution ^ | December 19, 2011

[Mr. K]

I think the military knows better than to release items to certain Presidents who would NOT do the right thing with the information

Bob Lazaar is very convincing to me. They asked him about “Groom Lake” (which he says is the really important area - NOT area 51) and about things like “where is the lunch room and rest rooms” -things you would not know unless you were there, and had an immediate response.

they compared his answers for “known” locations (like the college he says he attended) to unknown (area 51) and found no differences. He knew bathrooms and lunch rooms and street and building names, pathways in the grass (other than concrete sidewalks) and etc from the schools that claimed they have no records of him going there.

He seems to have knowledge of the insides of the building at area 51 that match what shows on the outside like number of windows near visible entrances, correct hallway conifgurations (for example, he knows you cannot turn left because it is an exterior wall etc...)

anyways... he says the physics is about gravity ‘worm holes’ you point 3 gravity lenses to where you wand to go and get ‘pulled’ there instantaneaously by a generated gravity field.

No faster than light travel needed.

I am fuzzy on the details now, but when I first saw him like 15 years ago, he seemed very credible

I admit I am very biased in favor- I would love for this all to be true and for them to tell us already...

[GonzoGOP]

I still want to know where these crushing pressures come from.

Look at it this way. Because the core is a liquid each square cm of your surface is supporting a column of mostly iron and nickle 6,378 kilometers tall. That column contains 437800000 cubic centimeters of material at a density of 5.52 g/cm^3. That is a mass of 2,416 metric tons. Sure the bottom few millimeters experience minimal gravitation effect, but the top few thousand kilometers are in full 1g. And the effect is not linear, it increases exponentially with distance from the center. So you are still looking at thousands of tons of material pushing down of every square centimeters.

This actually understates the force by quite a bit. Since it isn't a column but a complex curved wedge due to the spherical shape of the planet. But you get the picture and I didn't want to work the math for a simple blog post.

Then there is expansion. When you heat materials they expand. And they expand in all directions. So you have the very hot core trying to expand. However it can't because there is all of the other material stacked on top of it. So even if you open a chamber at the exact center of the core in addition to the gravitational column effect you also get smashed by the expansion of all the liquid iron and nickle around you.

[ml/nj]

When the Earth formed the heavier elements naturally settled to the bottom.

Oh. You know how the earth formed!

Can you tell me what the earth was like when it was only 4000 miles in diameter?

And after you do that maybe you can tell me where these heavier elements came from anyway. I thought the story was that earth formed from swirling clouds of hydrogen which somehow decided to ignore the old PV=nRT thing.

ML/NJ

[Dubya-M-DeesWent2SyriaStupid!]

From the little bit that I read Clinton wanted the Pentagon to release classified info. So All Presidents would have to know what the Pentagon does???

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51

[SunkenCiv]

Thanks decimon.

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[SunkenCiv]

Thanks decimon.

New experiments and supercomputer computations discovered that iron oxide undergoes a new kind of transition under deep Earth conditions. Iron oxide, FeO, is a component of the second most abundant mineral at Earth's lower mantle, ferropericlase... could alter our understanding of deep Earth dynamics and the behavior of the protective magnetic field... Ferropericlase contains both magnesium and iron oxide... Contrary to previous thought, the iron oxide went from an insulating (non-electrical conducting) state to become a highly conducting metal at 690,000 atmospheres and 3000°F, but without a change to its structure. Previous studies had assumed that metallization in FeO was associated with a change in its crystal structure. This result means that iron oxide can be both an insulator and a metal depending on temperature and pressure conditions.

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[tnlibertarian]

up to 1.4 million times atmospheric pressure and 4000°F—on par with conditions at the core-mantle boundary

Wait a minute. I thought the center of the earth was millions of degrees.

/algore

[GonzoGOP]

Oh. You know how the earth formed!

Well there are laws of fluid dynamics, those do the job rather well once you get above 400km (spherical body under its own gravity). So at 4000 miles, yes that is fairly well understood.

And after you do that maybe you can tell me where these heavier elements came from anyway. I thought the story was that earth formed from swirling clouds of hydrogen.

Supernovas. Look the sun is forming heavier elements all the time, it is called fusion. When very large stars blow up at the end of their lives they pump out vast amounts of heavier elements. Hubble and the big ground based telescopes have observed these clouds around other stars, so this isn't theory, it is observational.

Now go read some books on physics and astronomy and get away from National Enquirer and astrology.

[Dubya-M-DeesWent2SyriaStupid!]

I have not studied area 51 as it seems you have but I have always been under the impression that this area is the production and testing of classified aircraft of all sorts and reconnaissance aircraft.I am not saying that aliens don’t exist.Who the hell am I to say? But the alien stores and conspiracy thereof LOOK to be a good cover up for the classified military aircraft building.Possibly they produce and test aircraft AND an alien ship crashed there and they study it and a dead alien?Who knows?

[ml/nj]

So at 4000 miles, yes that is fairly well understood.

I didn't ask if were well known. I asked about the matter itself. How about if you take a shot at briefly answering the question and directing me to a book you recommend should I think your brief answer is worthy of further study.

Look the sun is forming heavier elements all the time, it is called fusion.

The problem for you is that the heavier element is called Helium. There is no Iron, or anything else, that I am aware of. Where is it? Do you think it stays inside the sun? Is it continuously being ejected? What?

Now go read some books on physics and astronomy and get away from National Enquirer and astrology.

I've been reading such books since I was a child. I'm a geezer now. I have a Physics minor. Unless you are a professor yourself of either of these topics, it is unlikely that you have or have read more books on these topics than I have.

BS doesn't do it for me. Answer the questions I have put to you directly, or don't bother to respond.

ML/NJ

[6ppc]

Try this.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis

[ml/nj]

Try this. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis

I tried!

"Supernova nucleosynthesis is the production of new chemical elements inside supernovae. It occurs primarily due to explosive nucleosynthesis during explosive oxygen burning and silicon burning."

Where does the oxygen and silicon come from? Do you think there's any of this within or produced by the sun now?

And BTW, English is my mother tongue. Oxygen doesn't burn.

ML/NJ

[6ppc]

I'm no physicist, but here's what I understand. Very large stars (those that are capable of becoming supernovas) start fusing heavier and heavier elements as they approach the end of their lives. Helium and hydrogen fuse to create lithium, helium and helium fuse to create beryllium, lithium and helium fuse to create boron, lithium fuses with itself to create carbon, and so on. They fuse heavier elements until finally they are creating iron. When a star begins creating iron it only has a few seconds to live and we get a supernova.

Since I'm not a physicist I can't really provide a more precise definition without doing a bunch of research. Hope that helps.

[ml/nj]

I'm no physicist, but here's what I understand. Very large stars (those that are capable of becoming supernovas) start fusing heavier and heavier elements as they approach the end of their lives. Helium and hydrogen fuse to create lithium, helium and helium fuse to create beryllium, lithium and helium fuse to create boron, lithium fuses with itself to create carbon, and so on. ... Since I'm not a physicist I can't really provide a more precise definition.

You're just repeating a bunch of BS spoken by pretenders. Did it ever occur to you to ask what all these reactions are and what might precipitate them?

Right now our star model is a hydrogen bomb just because we know about hydrogen bombs now. (Before that it was probably a big flaming woodpile.) So how much iron is created when a hydrogen bomb is detonated?

Contrary to your understanding supernovae, or at least some of them, exist for more than a few seconds. (Consider Tycho's star: "For about two weeks the star could be seen in daylight," and was "visible to the naked eye for almost 16 months.")

ML/NJ

[eartrumpet]

“Ferropericlase contains both magnesium and iron oxide. “

When and where can I get my new custom lightweight knife blade made from this stuff?

[gleeaikin]

I wonder how this material would effect calculations of earthquake locations and characteristics by changing speed or other aspects of measured waves, etc.? Would movement of masses of this material within the earth have an impact on the reversing poles issue?

Regarding UFO’s and the like, I believe in the possibility of same. My late husband as a lad of 10 years was playing at night with a friend along the banks of the Iowa River in a rural area. Suddenly a glowing red orb rose out of the river valley and then shot away over the surrounding hills and out of sight. They ran home to tell the families but were not believed. This was probably around 1939, just before WWII and was 6 miles away from the University of Iowa. Dr. Van Allen is famous for the discovery of the Van Allen belts around the earth. I wonder what the Physics department was working on around 1939??

[Rebelbase]

““Deep Earth” sounds like a good name for a metal band.”

Or a cheezy SciFi movie.

[GonzoGOP]

The problem for you is that the heavier element is called Helium. There is no Iron, or anything else, that I am aware of. Where is it? Do you think it stays inside the sun? Is it continuously being ejected? What?

Start HereOrigin of Heavy Elements

And Here Formation of the High Mass Elements

If you prefer video Understanding the Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, 2nd Edition By Professor Alex Filippenko, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Specifically lectures 48-57.

In short nuclear fusion in all stars converts hydrogen into helium. In stars less massive than the Sun, this is the only reaction that takes place. In stars more massive than the Sun (but less massive than about 8 solar masses), further reactions that convert helium to carbon and oxygen take place in successive stages of the star's life cycle. In the very massive stars, the reaction chain continues to produce elements like silicon up to iron.

Elements higher than iron cannot be formed through fusion as one has to supply energy for the reaction to take place. At least not while the star is on the main sequence (Class O B A F G K or M) However in a supernova explosion, neutron capture reactions take place (this is technically not fusion), leading to the formation of heavy elements up to Uranium. If you go into technical details, then there are two processes of neutron capture called rapid process (r-process) and the slow process (s-process), and these lead to formation of different elements.

[6ppc]

You're just repeating a bunch of BS spoken by pretenders. Did it ever occur to you to ask what all these reactions are and what might precipitate them?

I suppose the "theory" that the Earth is a sphere and orbits around the sun is "a bunch of BS spoken by pretenders" as well. If you don't want to believe in the current theories about the life cycle of stars then go beat your drum and howl at the moon...I don't care.

I was trying to answer your question, but it appears to me you are just looking for a fight. Go fight with someone else.

[ml/nj]

I suppose the "theory" that the Earth is a sphere and orbits around the sun is "a bunch of BS spoken by pretenders" as well.

I'm sure there's some fancy Latin name for the type of argument you present here, and it's not complimentary.

That the earth is (nearly) spherical and orbits the sun are observable facts, not theory.

ML/NJ