Dear Dr Ailsa Wight,
To whom it may concern,
(and believe me it concerns ,us all)
I wish to officially request that an urgent investigation is immediately launched into what I believe could be
"The greatest single threat to human health since the discovery of AIDS".
In particular, the release of a "transgenic nematode" (genetically altered and enhanced nematode) ,and subsequent trillions of releases since 1996 into the environment, via a loophole in United States law.
See: http://www.isb.vt.edu/epasrc/enacted/epa.gui.txt (The Law)
See: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html (Evidence of its use)
From this I learned that:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
The release of which has infected humans and led to the emergence of a new pathogen, Photorhabdus luminescens, both of which cause serious harm to health in humans. One only recently documented, the other as yet undisclosed, until now!
Before you read through this document, keep one statement (PUBLISHED UPON THE CDC'S, Centre for Disease Control website), in mind at all times, which is:
Dispatch
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Genes encoding homologues of insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus spp occur naturally within the genome of
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague.
Lateral transfer of genetic material between Photorhabdus and Yersinia species is thought to have resulted from their common association with insects as bacterial pathogens.
It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
The result of this gerry-mandering and jiggery-pokery at a genetic level, without the need for authorisation to do so, or the need for authorisation as to its' eventual release and use, has resulted in the release of a Nematode with super-powers, if you like "The Nematode Nemesis "
I have found evidence of twelve cases of infection by a bacteria associated with, and produced from within nematodes', Photorhabdus Species, this is the bacteria that is produced within the nematode and released within its host, feeding the nematode and causing the death of the host. In fact this evidence is further sensationalised, and the link between the bacteria and the transgenic nematodes' further qualified, by the fact that Photorhabdus Species bacteria is bio-luminescent, which is historically only seen in marine species.
The bio-luminescece trait is evidenced within my video , and still images of my own infection by the transgenic organism and its bacterial passenger!
In fact, the discovery of this bio-luminescent terrestrial bacteria is, I believe, directly due to the fact that the transgenic nematodes were enhanced with, the luminescence gene from jelly-fish (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and in turn created the new bioluminescent bacterial species. This enhancement is in addition to other genetic enhancements made, which I shall attempt to explain later in this e-mail.
It seems obvious to me, since my recent discovery of a fillarial nematode type organism emerging from my head hair/scalp,
which I recorded and provided a link to at www.youtube.com/morgellons ,
and still images of its relatives at http://adobe.kodakgallery.co.uk/I.jsp?c=7uku5sml.6muqoa4l&x=1&y=-uez2um ,
that this transgenic nematode, and its dispersal in the environment, is the cause of the disease phenomenon known as Morgellons Disease, of which I am suffering from, and have had for seven-years approximately.
In fact this video evidence, coupled with over one-hundred still images I posted upon the Internet, and the fact that I made conjecture to the possibility of nematode involvement being the cause of the disease known as "morgellons'', in an email back in September 2006, are altogether overwhelming.
Coupled with the evidence of the twelve documented infections of an emerging new bacteriasl disease, which I make reference to, the facts of the transgenic nematodes' creation, its timeline of creation and its dispersal into the environment, the discovery of this bioluminescent bacteria and the timeline of the emergence of Morgellons Disease are, OVERWHELMING!! and deserves an immediate investigation to safeguard the future Public health.
This, I believe, is the smoking-gun, the metaphoric fingerprint. Evidence that when viewed together, identifies a new threat. I have made direct refferal, and use of, papers'submitted by the Scientist , and Authority on the subject of creating transgenic nematodes, and their dispersal, Dr Randy Gaugler.
I hope that this information is taken seriously and acted upon immediately. Although I am not, by nature prone to the belief of conspiracy theories. I am reminded of a quote from the author Michael Crichton:
"Bioengineered DNA was, weight for weight, the most valuable material in the world. A single microscopic bacterium, too small to see with the human eye, but containing the gene for a heart attack enzyme, streptokinase, or for "ice-minus" which prevented frost damage to crops, might be worth 5 billion dollars to the right buyer."
Michael Crichton - Jurassic Park
With that in mind See: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
Which states:
Of the nearly thirty steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes identified to date, seven species are commercially available. One billion nematodes per acre (250,000 per m2) is the rule-of-thumb against most soil insects (containerised and greenhouse soils tend to be treated at higher rates).
The latter was reflected in recent statistics, indicating that farmers spend about US$20 billion worldwide, and US$ 6–8 billion annually in USA on crop protection (Anonymous1991).
These amounts of money involved are staggering, and as a result I cannot help but wonder at the vested interests there are out there, amongst the scientists, entomoligists, companies etc. that will wish to ensure the success of the commercialisation of transgenic nematodes. I know of over thirty companies in the US of A that specialise in the supply of these "Nematode Nemesis"!
Another genetic enhancement made makes use of Heat shock proteins that allow the nematode to survive conditions it otherwise unaltered would not, excess heat, toxins etc. My other concern about this is that the donor nematode was a much more widely dispersed nematode, C Elegans, which hails from a family of nematodes (Rhabditidae), that are harmful to humans, and known to affect human health.
The CDC (Centre for Disease Control), The Lancet and NCBI (The National Center for Biotechnology Information)
all have articles about the twelve cases of infection by Photorhabdus species
See: Bio-luminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
At the United States CDC'S website: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm
or NCBI website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
and The Lancet website: http://www.thelancet.com
In particular I would like to draw your attention to the statement made and published under the title:
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Photorhabdus spp. have been the subject of intensive study by agricultural scientists because of the role these bacteria play in controlling insects. Insects, like humans, are subject to infestation by nematodes. Photorhabdus spp. inhabit the gut of some insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.), where they form a symbiotic relationship.
Nematode species of this type are able to invade the larvae of susceptible insects and release Photorhabdus spp. The bacteria proliferate and promote nematode reproduction by killing the insect larvae. Insect-pathogenic nematodes harboring Photorhabdus spp are used as biopesticides in a number of countries, including the United States and Australia. Agricultural scientists are also attempting to develop insect-resistant transgenic crops by using insecticidal toxin genes derived from Photorhabdus spp..
Photorhabdus spp. are not human commensals. The patients apparently acquired the pathogen from an unidentified source in the terrestrial environment. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that at least 4/6 of the Australian patients were engaged in outdoor activities around the time of acquisition and that the initial site of infection was on the lower limbs in more than half of Australian and American case-patients.
Photorhabdus spp. have never been shown to live freely in soil, although they will survive in soil under laboratory conditions. Photorhabdus spp. have only been isolated naturally from two nonclinical sources: insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp) and the insects they parasitize (beetles, moths, and the like). It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
(commensals = where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped, Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table.)
Now balance that with the statement made by Dr Randy Gaugler in his paper of 1996 at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
Which states:
APHIS has categorized H. bacteriophora as among "low-risk organisms which have already been released in the U.S."
The genetic modifications we have made to H. bacteriophora should not impact this nematode's spectrum of insecticidal activity.
It is difficult to envision a worst-case scenario in which the donor organisms might conceivably cause plant damage or even stress. There is only one worst-case scenario in which the recipient, H. bacteriophora, might indirectly cause plant damage: by killing nontarget pollinators or insect predators and parasitoids that attack plant pests. Like most insecticidal nematodes, H. bacteriophora is reputed to possess a broad spectrum of insect activity, killing most insects in petri dish assays. This is an experimental or laboratory host range, however, not a natural host range. In nature, behavioral and ecological barriers come into play to greatly limit natural host range (Gaugler, 1988); thus, there are very few reports of field-collected insects being infected with H. bacteriophora, suggesting a restrictive host range in nature.
An examination of a worst-case scenario is worthwhile in assessing the potential plant health risk represented by the proposed field release of a transgenic insecticidal nematode. If: (1) infective juvenile nematodes escaped from the containment soil cylinders, and (2) these nematodes in fact possessed enhanced field persistence, and (3) were able to disperse long distances to new habitats where they might presently be constrained from colonization by episodes of sudden high temperature, and (4) the transgenic nematode was able to survive other environmental constraints of the new habitat (e.g., low soil moisture), and (5) this new habitat contains hosts the nematode was adapted to parasitize, and (6) the nematode(s) were able to locate, overcome the immune response, and reproduce in the host, and (7) the new hosts were beneficial insects that regulate the populations of important crop pests, then this series of unlikely events might lead to indirect crop damage. In short, there is a very low, insignificant probability that this series of events would actually occur.
Also, as if further support were needed as to the dangers posed by transgenic nematodes, read:
See: http://stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Nematoda
GMOs should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health.
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Nematodes are roundworms that have bilateral symmetry and lack a complex body plan. Roundworms have a simple nervous system, no digestive system or respiratory system, and possess only longitudinal muscles. They move by contracting these muscles, causing the worms to whip back and forth because they have nothing to brace these muscles against. Nematodes excrete wastes using specialized cells or canals, but do not contain flame cells, as the flatworms do. There are around 12,000 species of Nematodes that have been identified, although studies suggest that there could be up to about 500,000 species. Nematodes include both free-living and parasitic species, many of which can be harmful to humans. Nematoda includes common roundworms, which infect many humans worldwide, hookworms, trichina worms, which are responsible for trichinosis, pinworms, and filarial worms, which cause the devastating diseases elephantiasis and river blindness. The damage nematodes can cause in humans should not be underestimated, nor should their abundance in the world.
Then take the position of Greenpeace, who state that:
See:
"GMOs should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health."
"The introduction of genetically engineered (GE) organisms into the complex ecosystems of our environment is a dangerous global experiment with nature and evolution."
"These human-made organisms can reproduce and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby spreading to new environments and future generations in an unpredictable and uncontrollable way."
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I believe that the genetically altered transgenic nematode, and its' dispersal into the environment, is the cause of the phenomenon known as "Morgellons Disease", of which I myself have suffered from for seven-years.
In this e-mail I aim to substantiate my claim, and convince you to take immediate action!
Furthermore I draw your attention to the paper submitted by Dr. Randy Gaugler, this can be found at:
From this I learned that: (repeated above at start of document)
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
In fact I discovered that the exemption he refers to is found in the document:
In which it states:
It is now possible to transfer genes into plants that confer the ability to produce an entire virus that is pathogenic to a targeted insect pest of that plant (Service, 1996). Such plants obviously must be subject to careful study, evaluation, and formal or informal oversight, but as plants and not as pesticides. We would point out that microbial biocontrol agents delivered or vectored to a targeted insect pest or weed by a nematode or arthropod are currently exempt from regulation as microbial pesticides under FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) on the basis that the nematode or arthropod released to deliver the microorganism is already subject to adequate oversight by the USDA (USDept of Agricuilture).
The Act
FEDERAL REGISTER
Vol. 51, No. 123
Thursday, June 26, 1986
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[OPTS-00049A]
Statement of Policy; Microbial Products Subject to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic
Substances Control Act
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ACTION: Notice.
Vol. 51, No. 123
Thursday, June 26, 1986
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[OPTS-00049A]
Statement of Policy; Microbial Products Subject to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic
Substances Control Act
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ACTION: Notice.
can be read at:
I have found out from a past paper on US bio-technology;
There is a clear policy established requiring review of genetically engineered microorganisms prior to release into the environment with some organisms subject to an abbreviated review. In the unlikely event of a problem arising in this period of time EPA (environment protection agency) could use its authority under section 7 of TSCA to immediately limit or prohibit the manufacture, processing, distribution, or use of the product. In addition to the EPA activity, USDA will review all genetically engineered plant pests and animal pathogens.
With this in mind maybe now would be a good time to invoke the use of such a power.
Finally I would like to remind you that this could be observed as a biological threat against mankind. With that in mind I wish to remind you of our obligations as a country under the "Biological Weapons Convention" I am sure that you will be aware that my notifying you of this conjecture regarding this emerging disease and genetically altered organism, places squarely upon us as a country the rensponsibility to investigate, and inform the signatories of the BWC treaty.
The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons ("offensive BW") was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), signed by over 100 countries. The BWC remains in force.
I do hope that you took the time to read this document. This is a matter of international significance to world health.
Below is my attempt to decipher exactly what what done to create this transgenic nematode, and to explain the scientific terminology/shorthand/code used in the paper.
Yours Faithfully and Sincerely
With the best of intentions!
Andrew Coyle 1 Eastlake House, 41-59 Frampton Street, St Johns Wood, London England NW88LU (44) 0207 724 0693
Dated 5th February 2007
PS
To ensure this is not covered up, or forgotten about,
I have blind carbon copied a copy of this email to a list of recipients in Govt and media around the world
ATTEMPT AT DECIPHERING WHAT WAS ACTUALLY DONE TO CREATE THE TRANSGENIC ORGANISM THE "NEMATODE NEMESIS"
Dr Randy Gaugler went on to genetically alter and release these transgenic nematodes into the environment.
His organism details, and genetic alterations, (which I shall interperet below) were as follows:
Trade Name Scientific Name Common Name
-----------------------------------------------------------------
a. Donor Caenorhabditis elegans hsp70) NA
(Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Aequoria victoria (gfp) Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
b. Recipient Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NA
(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)
c. Vector pUC18 gfp with a C.
elegans hsp70
gene
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
a. Donor Caenorhabditis elegans hsp70) NA
(Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Aequoria victoria (gfp) Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
b. Recipient Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NA
(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)
c. Vector pUC18 gfp with a C.
elegans hsp70
gene
-----------------------------------------------------------------
By way of explanation my interpretation of this is as follows:
a. Donor Caenorhabditis elegans
Otherwise known as C elegans,is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments.
Caenorhabditis is a taxon (grouping of organisms) traditionally placed within a larger group of largely freeliving terrestrial nematodes (Rhabditidae, Rhabditina, Rhabditida).
C. elegans can enter an alternative third larval stage called the dauer state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age.
C. elegans made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in February 2003.
In mid-December, Science announced that the millimeter-long worm Caenorhadditis elegans became the first animal to have its entire genetic structure sequenced.
hsp70)
Heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are a family of ubiquitously expressed proteins. Members of the Hsp70 family are strongly upregulated by heat stress and toxic chemicals
(Ubiquitously = Being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time; omnipresent)
(Up regulation occurs when a cell is deficient in some kind of receptors. In this case, more receptors enter or attach to the membrane of the cell and thus the reactivity of the cell is brought back to normal, re-establishing homeostasis.)
(Homeostasis = The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.)
Results showed that transgenic nematodes were 18 times more tolerant of heat shock than the unmodified wildtype nematodes (Hashmi et al., unpublished).
(Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Rhabditida is an order of free-living microbivorous nematodes (roundworms) living in soil.
Genera include:
- Bursilla (Mesorhabditis)
- Caenorhabditis - of which C. elegans and C. briggsae have had their genomes deciphered
- Cruznema
- Enterobius which includes the pinworms
- Heterorhabditis
- Panagrellus which includes the microworm
- Pelodera
- Rhabditis
- Steinernema
A family of nematodes that contains both free-living and parasitic species
Rhabditis (Rhab·di·tis) (rab-di´tis) [Gr. rhabdos rod] a genus of minute phasmid (microscopic leg like protusions) nematodes of the superfamily Rhabditoidea, family Rhabditidae, living mostly in damp earth, and as an accidental parasite in humans and domestic animals.
R. ho´minis a species found in human feces.
R. intestina´lis a species found in human feces.
R. niel´lyi a species found as an accidental parasite on human skin.
R. pel´lio a species found in the human genitourinary tract. R. strongyloi´des a species that usually lives in decaying vegetable matter but may invade broken skin of humans and other animals, causing rhabditic dermatitis
Aequoria victoria (gfp) Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein, comprised of 238 amino acids, from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that fluoresces green when exposed to blue light.
The gfp (green florescence protein) gene is a marker encoding for fluorescence. The transgenic nematode with the gfp gene produces a strong green florescence when excited by blue light (450 to 490 nm) using a long-pass emission filter, permitting quick, simple screening to identify transformed individuals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein
Cnidaria are jellyfish, corals, and other stingers
The name Cnidaria comes from the Greek word "cnidos," which means stinging nettle.
There are four main classes of Cnidaria:
- Class Anthozoa (anemones, corals, etc.)
- Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
- Class Cubozoa (box jellies)
- Class Hydrozoa (Obelia, Aequorea, Portuguese Man o' War, etc.)
b. Recipient Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NA
(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)
The entomopathogenic (entomopathogenic = lethal insect parasites) nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was first described from an infected caterpillar, Heliothis punctiger (a genus of arthropods), collected in Brecon, Australia. This nematode is widely distributed in North and South America, Australia, and Europe, but has many strains that differ in behavior and physiology. There are six other described species of Heterorhabditis.
(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)
The entomopathogenic (entomopathogenic = lethal insect parasites) nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was first described from an infected caterpillar, Heliothis punctiger (a genus of arthropods), collected in Brecon, Australia. This nematode is widely distributed in North and South America, Australia, and Europe, but has many strains that differ in behavior and physiology. There are six other described species of Heterorhabditis.
The life cycle of H. bacteriophora consists of an egg, four juvenile stages and the adult. Only third-stage juveniles attack and infect host insects. This stage is the only free-living stage in the life cycle of the nematode, and is adapted to remain in the environment without feeding for a prolonged time. All other stages exist only inside the host.
The infective juveniles move through soil in search of hosts. Once a host is encountered, the nematodes enter though natural openings or use their dorsal tooth or hook to break the outer cuticle of small, fragile insects to allow the juvenile to enter.
Once the infective juveniles are in the host insect, they begin development. Their alimentary canal becomes functional and they release symbiotic bacteria to multiply in the insect. These bacteria are consumed and digested by the developing nematodes.
The symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens is only pathogenic to insects when introduced into the insect body, not if it is ingested. The bacterium is unable to survive in soil or water, so the nematode provides protection for the bacterium outside the insect host and a means of transmission to new hosts. The nematode is unable to reproduce without the nutrients the bacterium provides.
The bacteria kill the host, usually within 24-48 hours. Nematodes feed on the bacteria and host remains, and each infective juvenile develops into a hermaphroditic female. These females then produce eggs which will develop into both males and females. Only a portion of the eggs are laid outside the female; the remainder hatch inside the female and the juveniles destroy their mother as they develop. These nematodes mature, mate and produce infective juveniles that emerge from the cadaver 12-14 days after infection.
Heterorhabditis is a genus (rank between family and species) of nematodes belonging to the order Rhabditida.
As Sudhaus (in Sudhaus, 1993) proposed, insect parasites belonging to family Heterorhabditidae are derived from within Rhabditidae
Above diagram obtained from: see: http://wormatlas.psc.edu/handbook/phylogeny/phylogeny.htm#rhabditidnem
c. Vector pUC18 gfp with a C.
elegans hsp70
gene
elegans hsp70
gene
Describing the microinjection of a fragment of the genetic code of gfp,c elegans and hsp70 using a plasmid vector.
(Plasmid = DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication. It is typically circular and double-stranded.)
(vector = Any device of transportation or movement.)
Finally I would like to remind you that this could be observed as a biological threat against mankind. With that in mind I wish to remind you of our obligations as a country under the "Biological Weapons Convention" I am sure that you will be aware that my notifying you of this conjecture regarding this emerging disease and genetically altered organism, places squarely upon us as a country the rensponsibility to investigate, and inform the signatories of the BWC treaty.
The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons ("offensive BW") was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), signed by over 100 countries. The BWC remains in force.
I do hope that you took the time to read this document. This is a matter of international significance to world health.
Yours Faithfully and Sincerely
With the best of intentions!
Andrew Coyle
1 Eastlake House
41-59 Frampton Street
St Johns Wood
London, England
NW88LU
