Posted on 04/01/2008 1:36:49 PM PDT by blam
Menopause Is An Adaptation To Minimize Reproductive Competition Between Females In A Family, Research Suggests
Three generations of women. New research suggests that menopause is an adaptation to minimize reproductive competition between generations of females in the same family unit. (Credit: iStockphoto/John Prescott)
ScienceDaily (Apr. 1, 2008) — Insight into why females of some species undergo menopause while others do not has proven elusive despite an understanding of the biological mechanisms behind the change.
However, new research by scientists at the Universities of Cambridge and Exeter suggests that menopause is an adaptation to minimize reproductive competition between generations of females in the same family unit.
Even in 'natural fertility' human societies (i.e., those without access to modern medicine or technology) women typically survive for many years after they have ceased to reproduce. Menopause represents an evolutionary puzzle because theory suggests that there should be no selection for genes which promote survival past the end of reproduction. The current explanation was proposed 50 years ago and is known as the 'grandmother hypothesis': Natural selection can favour post-reproductive survival if older non-breeding women can help their children survive and reproduce.
The problem is that data from natural fertility societies suggests that grandmothering benefits are too small to favour switching off reproduction by age fifty in order to help. So while the grandmother hypothesis can explain why women continue to survive after they have stopped breeding, it can't explain why they stop breeding in the first place.
In this paper, published in the journal PNAS, the researchers propose that the timing of reproductive cessation in humans is best understood as an evolutionary adaptation to reduce reproductive competition between generations of females in the same family unit.
Reproductive competition is ubiquitous in other cooperative vertebrates, but up to now its potential role in human life history evolution has been overlooked. The research demonstrates that humans are unique among primates because there is almost no overlap of reproductive generations. In natural fertility populations, women on average have their first baby at 19 years and their last baby at 38 years; in other words, women stop breeding when the next generation starts to breed.
Moreover, the scientists go on to demonstrate that this pattern is expected given the female-dispersal system thought to characterize ancestral humans. Female dispersal means that reproductive competition in ancestral human families would have involved 'mothers-in-law' competing with 'daughters-in-law'. In these circumstances younger females have a decisive advantage in competition because a mother-in-law is related to her daughter-in-law's offspring (and therefore share's an interest in her reproductive success), but not vice versa.
The researchers developed a simple mathematical model of this competition which predicts that older women should cease breeding when younger women in the same social unit start to breed. This hypothesis and model can thus explain the observed timing of reproductive cessation in humans, and so contributes to a much better understanding of how menopause evolved.
Despite vast differences in wealth, resources, and access to medicine, women in all societies experience menopause. This suggests that the human fertility schedule is hard-wired into our genetic makeup as a consequence of our evolutionary history, prior to more recent cultural and technological advances.
Dr Michael Cant at the University of Exeter explains, "Women everywhere experience a rapid decline in fertility after the age of forty, culminating in menopause around ten years later. Our study helps to explain why this phase of rapid 'senescence' of the reproductive system starts when it does, and why women, on average, stop having children a full ten years before the onset of menopause."
It also helps to explain why in some societies (particularly in Africa and Asia), women are required by social law to stop having children when their first grandchild is born. A better understanding of the selective forces that have shaped the genetically programmed human fertility schedule may in future provide medical insights into the genetic causes of premature ovarian failure and other diseases of low fertility.
"The grandmother hypothesis was proposed 50 years ago by the American evolutionary biologist George Williams,"says Dr Cant. "However, data on grandmother effects indicate that something key is missing from Williams' argument. Our study suggests the missing part of the puzzle, and generates a raft of new testable predictions."
Dr Rufus Johnstone at the University of Cambridge adds, "It should open up new avenues for research on menopause and fertility in humans, and provide new insights into the evolution of menopause in the two other species in which it occurs under natural conditions - killer whales and pilot whales."
Adapted from materials provided by University of Cambridge, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
DUH!
Golly, you mens are sure dumb when you post known-fact to women about women....
Get a clue....
Couldn’t finish the article due to a blinding pounding in my head.
I thought it was just so we could make our families miserable as payback for all the hell they put us through. ;)
And more exploitation by medical researchers to permit 50 year old women to birth children they will barely live to see graduate college.
All 8 of the octuplets.
“Menopause Is An Adaptation To Minimize Reproductive Competition Between Females In A Family, Research Suggests”
BULL!
It’s God’s way of saying, you’re TOO OLD for kids.
Human females are not animals.
Menopause is an adaptation to successfully raise the child you bear at 40 or 45, because if you have at 50, it runs a good chance of killing you.
Think about Helen Thomas producing offspring and what species they might be.
Speaking of Menopause as a subject, is there a worse sitcom than the New Adventures of Old Christine?
Uh, that would require artificial insemenation.
Uh, that would require artificial insemenation.
Uh, that would require artificial insemenation.
Is it hot in here?
Bull corn, it is God’s way of saying just one more female hell raisin’ against her man and then you have done enough for a lifetime. Time to give the guy a break for a couple of years until cantankerous senility starts in and he will find out what hell is all about!!! LOL
Ain’t seen it and probably won’t waste my time.
LOL.
The best bumpersticker I've ever seen was "Those aren't hot flashes, they're power surges".
What are they?????
I’ll probably regret pinging y’all to this one.
There is a reason women my age shouldn’t have children. I’m likely to put the child down and forget where I left it. Heaven knows, that’s true of my glasses!
Stupid. Why can’t people use some commn sense? Menopause is nature’s way of stopping females who are too old from bringing infants into the world without a Mother around to care for it.
“Insight into why females of some species undergo menopause WHILE OTHERS DO NOT has proven elusive despite an understanding of the biological mechanisms behind the change.”
Thank God I’m included in this species. Can any woman here just imagine having your friend visit monthly until the day you die? Oy.
According to Hillary! they’re “changes”.
Every month!!! Once in my lifetime would be too often. If it were up to men to bear live young... the species would die.
Maybe I could lay an egg or something. A very, very small egg.
They’re her voting bloc.
Bull puckey.
Having children is for the young. The alternative statistical answer to this study is that the benefit of the woman putting her time and energy into grandchildren is twice the benefit if that energy is put into grandchildren.
There were several studies of European geneology and African cultures. If the mother’s mother was under 50 and helping with the newborns, the childrens’ survival rate was about 30% higher in the first year. So grandma’s ability to help dramatically improved her maternal grandchildren’s survival rate. Hard to help that much with grandkids if you tote a baby of your own.
There is no such thing as “hot flashes.” Old men get cold. They turn up the thermostat and then tell their wives, “you’re just having a hot flash!”
It’s an interesting hypothesis, but it raises another question: Why do human females live so long after menopause compared to other mammals that experience menopause?
My hypothesis on that is that grandmothers give a population a distinct competitive advantage; a population with grandmothers has experienced caregivers who can keep watch over the older kids while their fertile daughters keep having more of them. They also serve as a backup plan if a woman should die in childbirth, as many did before modern medicine.
This article is so off base. First, when humans were evolving, I’m pretty sure the average lifespan ended prior to menopause. I would be surprised if very many made it past 40 or 45, what with the mortality of untreated disease, trauma and childbirth. I also can’t believe that the average age for first children in “natural societies” is as late as 19. If that’s the case, why would women become fertile years before their first child? And while it’s true that poor nutrition can delay puberty, 19 is old for naked apes.
Average childbirth in the 1950s was 20. Average childbirth in antiquity Egypt was 15, and that was an average.
But I can believe biology shutting down reproduction at 38 when life expectancy is that long. Doesn’t do much good to make a dependant baby then drop dead from old age.
BULL!
It’s God’s way of saying, you’re TOO OLD for kids
Unless your name is Sarah.
Another article here not long ago attributed longevity (beyond the “wall of death” timed to end of fertility) to older men having children with younger women.
I am serious.
It had its science supporting it.
Should I ban myself for starting a riot?
I agree with your theory. Human children need years of rearing. A child born to a woman near the end of her expected lifetime had greatly reduced chances of survival, and the resources consumed by it were not available to her other children
When did we stop, exactly? :P
That makes a certain amount of sense. Older males would be selected for, because they have physical strength, longevity, and the cunning to have lived to old age. And it jibes with primate behavior, where the silverbacks have all the mating opportunities, and some ancient tribal societies (including some where it persists to this day).
Especially since we don’t fall into this category...
Not sure I buy it.
Historically, I think the odds were pretty high that a woman would die from disease or malnutrition before she ran out of eggs.
And from an evolutionary standpoint, it’s pretty much agreed on that trends or happenings from later in life would have little effect, as most reproduction would go on in the early years.
"When did we stop, exactly?" :P
.
When we refused to accept evolution.
-well I’m a grandma wanna-bee.....where do “I” fit in?
You get to play grandma with the little cousins. That’s much better than your kiddos having kids before they’re ready.
I got really sick late this afternoon and hubby covered my overnight shift AND cancelled my day with Miss Ava and her little sister tomorrow. I am sick AND sad.
You poor thing! If you’re sick though, you don’t need to be chasing little ones around. Get some rest, while you can.
I’ve been in bed since four, just sitting up for a few minutes before heading back there. I’ve been having some severe nausea...nothing more than that, but I am miserable.
Wouldn't it be cool if science really worked like that? Effective immediately, I reject gravity altogether.
Oh, no. You don't really want to do that.
ROE, you don’t REALLY believe that women EVOLVED menopause to end mating competition, do you? LOLOLOLOL Bob
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.