Take at hazard one hundred children of several educated generations and one hundred uneducated children of the people and compare them in anything you please; in strength, in agility, in mind, in the ability to acquire knowledge, even in morality—and in all respects you are startled by the vast superiority on the side of the children of the uneducated.— Count Leo Tolstoy, "Education and Children" (1862)
The idea of schooling free men in anything would have revolted Athenians. Forced training was for slaves. Among free men, learning was self-discipline, not the gift of experts. From such notions Americans derived their own academies, the French their lycees, and the Germans their gymnasium. Think of it: In Athens, instruction was unorganized even though the city-state was surrounded by enemies and its own society engaged in the difficult social experiment of sustaining a participatory democracy, extending privileges without precedent to citizens, and maintaining literary, artistic, and legislative standards which remain to this day benchmarks of human genius. For its five-hundred-year history from Homer to Aristotle, Athenian civilization was a miracle in a rude world; teachers flourished there but none was grounded in fixed buildings with regular curricula under the thumb of an intricately layered bureaucracy.There were no schools in Hellas. For the Greeks, study was its own reward. Beyond that few cared to go.
Sparta, Athens’ neighbor, was a horse of a different color. Society in Sparta was organized around the concept of cradle-to-grave formal training. The whole state was a universal schoolhouse, official prescriptions for the population filled every waking minute and the family was employed as a convenience for the state. Sparta’s public political arrangements were an elaborate sham, organized nominally around an executive branch with two legislative bodies, but ultimate decision-making was in the hands of ephors, a small elite who conducted state policy among themselves. The practical aspect of imitation democracy figures strongly in the thought of later social thinkers such as Machiavelli (1532) and Hobbes (1651), as well as in minds nearer our own time who had influence on the shape of American forced schooling...
Spartan ideas of management came to American consciousness through classical studies in early schooling, through churches, and also through interest in the German military state of Prussia, which consciously modeled itself after Sparta. As the nineteenth century entered its final decades American university training came to follow the Prussian/Spartan model. Service to business and the political state became the most important reason for college and university existence after 1910. No longer was college primarily about developing mind and character in the young. Instead, it was about molding those things as instruments for use by others.
--John Taylor Gatto, The Underground History of American Education
The issue I have with Gatto is that the he sees this as an Either or proposition which it is not.
There is a place for simply learning or memorizing facts and information. Indeed you must do that before you can think critically about anything.
He is basically repackaging John Dewey, another socialist.
It is not the form of education that is as important as the World View of the educator. The problem with public schools is the world view of the system. It is evil and that make s them evil. The pedagogy and curriculum are almost beside the point
2) Innovation and creativity are rewarded. Officers and enlisted men are taught to follow orders as far as required to achieve goals, but often the method of achieving the goals is left tot he individuals.
Also one of the criticisms I have seen leveled is that "Children don't know anything." Well in grade school I had to sit down and memorize the multiplication tables. Same thing with the spelling and meaning of vocabulary words.
Many of the countries that are kicking our butts in student achievement use this same model.
mark