MacArthur was completely surprised by the attack in the Philippines by Imperial Japan despite having heard about Pearl Harbor. Much of his failure there had to do with uncertainty about Japanese intentions. Yet he retained command of major forces in the Pacific theater and was given the opportunity to redeem himself, which he did, with his island-hopping campaign. Fiorina went through something similar in the business world, but never got a second chance. Overall, she put in an average or marginally above-average performance.